【作者】 李平；

【导师】 伍碧华；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本文对野生二粒小麦与普通小麦川农16杂交F₈代,共计1099个株系进行体细胞染色体数目观察,农艺性状、品质性状考察。通过SPSS软件对结果进行分析,并选出优良株系。主要研究结果如下:1.根尖体细胞染色数目观察结果表明,川农16×野生二粒小麦杂交F₈代染色体数目已基本稳定,达到了普通小麦（2n=6x=42）的核型水平。2.农艺性状考察结果表明,通过野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的远缘杂交,可有效创制出具有优异农艺性状的小麦高产育种新材料。调查的1099个株系中,有29.03%的株系未出现条锈病斑,处于免疫级。野生二粒小麦的晚熟特性已逐步得到改善,20.47%的株系抽穗期与川农16同期,且有12.28%的株系早于川农16。有50%以上的材料抗倒伏。82.89%的株系已没有野生二粒小麦的脆穗特性。野生二粒小麦的高秆特性得到改善,有12.11%的株系为矮秆和半矮秆,且1.91%的株系矮于亲本川农16。65.85%的株系有效穗与川农16相当。小穗数20～24个0之间的达70.95%,71.49%的株系多于川农16,且出现了小穗数为25个、27个的多小穗类型。千粒重普遍较高,55.34%的株系高于川农16（40.01g）,其中11.51%的株系在50g以上。籽粒库容显著增大,被测材料均大于川农16。33.76%的单株产量高于亲本川农16（15.79g）,一些材料达到川农16的2倍以上,最高者达38.58g。3.营养品质性状检测结果表明,野生二粒小麦优异的高蛋白质含量和高微量元素Fe、Zn含量已整合到普通小麦背景中。涵盖千粒重低、中、高三层次的63个F₈代株系籽粒蛋白质含量变幅为11.60%～19.09%,平均值13.20%,所有被测材料均高于川农16。微量元素Fe含量高于川农16（43.67mg/kg）者占30.16%,有11.11%的材料在60mg/kg以上,一些株系的含量（106.12mg/kg）与亲本野生二粒小麦（113.11mg/kg）相当。Zn含量高于川农16（11.82mg/kg）的达82.54%,30.16%的株系在20 mg/kg以上,一些材料Zn含量（47.00mg/kg）达到亲本野生二粒小麦（47.81mg/kg）的水平。4.农艺性状间的相关性分析表明,脆穗分别与株高和倒伏在0.01水平上显著正相关。株高分别与小穗数、千粒重和倒伏在0.01水平上显著正相关,而与抽穗期在0.05水平上显著正相关。小穗数与抽穗期在0.01水平上显著正相关,而与千粒重和倒伏在0.05水平上显著负相关。5.品质性状及产量状相关性分析表明,Zn分别与Fe和蛋白质含量在0.01水平上存在显著正相关性。千粒重分别与Fe和Zn的含量在0.01水平上均存在显著负相关性,但千粒重与蛋白质含量无显著相关性。据此认为,通过野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的远缘杂交,可同步提高小麦微量营养元素Fe和Zn含量,或者微量元素含量与蛋白质含量。6.通过选择和综合评价,获得了一批兼具优异抗病、抗倒伏性,无脆穗、晚熟特性,且大库容、株高适宜性状的高产株系。创制出了高蛋白质含量和高Fe、Zn含量,以及高营养品质与高产性状兼具的小麦育种新材料,使高产与优质同步改良的育种目标成为可能。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, The F₈ generation derived from the bread wheat cultivar CN16 being crossed by wild emmer （Triticum dicoccoides, AABB, 2n=4x= 28） was suggested. The chromosome number, stripe resistence, agronomic traits like earing period, plant height, spikelets, 1000-grain weight, grain sink, etc., nutrition qualitty including protein, Fe and Zn contents from a total of 1099 lines, were analyzed. And some excellent lines were obtained. The main results are as follows.1. The chromosome numbers in roots in tested materials were stable 42, which is equal to that of T. aestivum（2n=6x=42）, by means of the cytogenetical analysis.2. The investigation of agronomic traits showed that novel high-yield germplasm materials with good agronomic traits might effectively be created by distant hybridization between wild emmer and bread wheat. In the tested 1099 lines, 29.03% of lines were in immunity without stripe rust spots. The late earing period from wild emmer was improved due to the earing period in 20.47% and 12.28% of lines being equal to, and earlier than that of CN16, respectively. The bad properties like lodge and fragile spike from wild emmer were observed in more than 50% and 82.89% of tested lines. In addition, the too high character from the parent was improved oweing to 12.11% of lines were in short-stalked and semi-dward plant height in addition to 1.91% of lines being shorter than CN16. The productive ears in 65.85% lines were closed to that of CN16. The spikelets in 70.95% of lines ranged from 20 to 24, as well as the types with 25, 27 spikelets were discovered, of which 71.49% had spikelets over than that of CN16. Majorities of tested lines had high 1000-grain weight because of 1000-grain weight in 55.34% of lines more than that of CN16 （40.01g）, of which that of 11.51% overpassed 50g. The grain sinks were outstandingly increased oweing to the trait in all tested lines higher than that of CN16. Yield per plant of 33.76% of lines higher than that of CN16 （15.79g）, and some achieved at two times as CN16, and the highest reached 38.58g.3. Nutritional quality traits including protein, micronutrient Fe and Zn contents of F₈ between CN16 and wild emmer were measured. And the results showed that super genes encoding high protein, Fe and Zn contents in wild emmer had been integrated into the genetic background of common wheat. The grain protein contents in all the tested 63 lines, covering the low, middle and senior level of 1000-grain weight, ranged from 11.60% to 19.09% with the mean of 13.20%, and were higher than that of CN16. The Fe contents in 30.16% of lines were higher than that of CN16 （43.67mg/kg）, and in 11.11% of materials overpassed 60mg/kg, even in some lines were closed to that of wild emmer. Zn contents in 82.54% lines were higher than that of CN16 （11.82mg/kg）, in 30.16% of materials were more than 20mg/kg, even in some lines reached the leave of wild emmer （47.81mg/kg）.4. Correlation analysis between agronomic traits in F₈ generation showed that fragile spike was significantly positively related with both plant height and lodge at 0.01 level. The significant positive relationships between plant height and the traits like spikelet number, 1000-grain weight and lodge were discovered at 0.01 level besides that between it and earing period was at 0.05 level. Additionally, spikelet number was significantly positively correlated with earing period at 0.01 level, while negatively with both 1000-grain weight and lodge at 0.05 level.5. The correlation analysis between quality and yield traits in F₈ generation implied that Zn content was significantly positively associated with those of Fe and protein at 0.01 level. 1000-grain weight had to do with the contents of both Fe and Zn significantly negatively at 0.01 level, but without protein content. So, it is possible that the both Fe and Zn contents, or micronutrient and protein contents are synchronously increased by the distant hybridization between wild emmer and common wheat.6. By seletion and comprehensive evaluation, a number of high-yield lines were gotten, which have the good traits with rust stripe, lodging resistance, large storage capacity and suitable height without the properties of fragile spike and late earing period, and so on. Some novel bread wheat germplasms with high-protein and high-Fe, Zn contents, also with good-quality and high-yield characteristic were created. The results suggested that the breeding goal of synchronous improvement of high-yield and high-quality might be realized.更多还原