胡塞尔的哲学理想与西方哲学的主体性

【作者】 李平；

【导师】 金延；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 主体性问题是西方哲学的重要问题之一,虽然主体性哲学作为一种哲学体系是在文艺复兴之后才开始登上哲学舞台的,但在古希腊哲学中已经孕育着主体性的倾向,这种哲学体系经笛卡尔的“我思”哲学全面发掘再到康德的先验认识论的转向最后经胡塞尔的现象学还原使主体性达到前所未有的高度。虽然笛卡尔使主体性第一次凸显在人们的面前,康德更是提出人为自然立法的命题,但无论是笛卡尔还是康德都没有解决近代哲学强调自我明证性的哲学起点与其要求达到普遍必然性的哲学目的之间的矛盾。现象学作为一种哲学目标更作为一种哲学方法在解决这一矛盾的同时也极大地提高了人的主体性,本文要探讨的问题是胡塞尔在对笛卡尔和康德进行批判和继承的基础上,以现象学为哲学方法和哲学目标来解决知识的自明性、确实性和普遍必然性的问题进而使主体性在他自己的现象学中得到了新的建构。本文将从以下几个方面来探讨上述问题:哲学的科学理想与胡塞尔哲学的科学理想,胡塞尔之前的主体性哲学,胡塞尔对主体性哲学的新建构,胡塞尔主体性哲学的困境与影响。第一部分导言主要介绍由于近代哲学的科学欲求使科学的确实性观念进入哲学领域,从而使哲学走上追求确实性的道路,这种使哲学科学化的倾向使人类对自我的能力得到前所未有的相信,从而使人的主体性得到提升也使主体性问题成为哲学的重要问题之一;胡塞尔毕生的追求就是使哲学成为像数学那样的严格科学,他的现象学正是这种哲学理想的目标。胡塞尔的现象学是在考察以往哲学的基础上特别是在批判、继承笛卡尔和康德哲学的基础上建构起自己的先验现象学体系的,这一过程也是他使人的主体性全面地超越之前哲学的过程,即他的主体性哲学的建构过程。第二部分将简单阐述胡塞尔之前的主体性哲学,因为我们讨论任何哲学问题都无法脱离哲学史的体系,而要了解主体性的历史就必须从古希腊开始,因为在古希腊哲学中已经孕育着后来一切哲学思想的萌芽:但在这部分中将会重要介绍笛卡尔和康德的哲学,这不仅是因为胡塞尔的先验现象学正是在批判地继承了二者的基础上形成的,更是因为主体性是在笛卡尔那里第一次被全面地阐述;而康德是在笛卡尔的基础上通过认识论的转向人确立了“人为自然立法”的原则,将人的主体性更加推进一步。第三部分将会重点论述胡塞尔通过对以往哲学的探索、考察,特别是在批判、继承了笛卡尔和康德哲学的基础上,在实现他的哲学理想的同时对西方主体性哲学的全新建构。这部分内容分为四节,第一节从普遍怀疑到现象学的还原主要分析胡塞尔认为笛卡尔的“普遍怀疑”仍然没有解决哲学的自明性的起点问题,只有通过现象学的还原才能解决这个问题。在现象学还原的过程中使一切客观的东西都无条件地悬置起来,留给哲学世界的只有人的直观。第二节将说明实体自我向先验自我的转变,由于近代主体性哲学伴随着科学的迅猛发展的过程中,使人类普遍对自我的认识能力充满了自信,认为人类通过自己的能力可以认识、利用、改造甚至控制自然,这样就使人类和自然界越来越对立起米。也就是说胡塞尔认为只有从以往的实体自我转向他的先验自我才能解决哲学中二元对立的困境。第三节主要介绍胡塞尔用主体间性来改造主体性的原因。胡塞尔认为:以往哲学的主体性只是在谈论单个主体性的问题,这不符合他的哲学理想,因为单个的东西不能确保知识的普遍必然性,所以他用复数的形式来改造主体性的概念。第四节主要说明胡塞尔在面对因人来过分强调主体性,认为人的主体性无所不能的思维方式使西方哲学和人性的面临严重危机的时候,他作为一个哲学家和思想家在哲学上采取的方式,他晚年的哲学几乎都在探讨这个问题,认为人类知识的明证性应该在人们的生活世界中。第四部分将简单介绍胡塞尔主体性哲学无法解决的问题和带来的哲学困境以及对以后哲学的影响。笔者认为由于胡塞尔的先验现象学悬置了一切客观存在,使人的主体性得到了极大的膨胀,从而不可避免地使他的哲学带有主观主义和人类中心主义的色彩。胡塞尔哲学对后来哲学的影响可以说是深刻的、全方位的。在此,笔者仅就存在主义和西方马克思主义两方面来谈谈胡塞尔哲学的影响。本文的新颖之处在于以西方主体性思想为脉络,以胡塞尔追求严格科学的哲学理想为内容,在解决知识的自明性、确实性和普遍必然性问题的同时对胡塞尔关于西方哲学的主体性的全新建构进行重点分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Subjectivity can be said to be One of important questions for development of Western philosophy. Although the philosophy of subjectivity as a philosophical system present on the stage of philosophy after the beginning of the Renaissance, the ancient Greek philosophy has been the main breeds of this orientation, which reached an unprecedented height after a comprehensive explore of the Descartes "I think"-philosophy and Kant’s transcendental theory of knowledge as well as the Husserl’s phenomenological reduction.Although Descartes indicates the subjectivity in front of people first time, and Kant provides the proposition that human establish the legislation of nature, whether Descartes or Kant’s philosophy did not reconcile contradiction between the emphasis on self-evidence of the starting point of modern philosophy and its requirement of universal necessity. Phenomenology as a philosophical goal and a philosophical method greatly strengthen the person’s subjectivity in resolving this contradiction at the same time. The main subject of this article is to explore the issue that Husserl how to make a new construction of subjectivity in order to resolve the self-evident, inevitability and universality of knowledge by a phenomenological approach which based on Kant on Descartes.This article will explore the question in many aspects as follows: Firstly, what is the ideal of the philosophy and what is the ideal of Husserl’s scientific philosophy. Secondly, what is the main new construction of Husserl’ subjectivity-philosophy. Finally, what is the main impact of the plight of Husserl’s philosophy.The first part of the article introduces the desire of modern philosophy that to be scientific makes the concept of scientific certainty enter the field of philosophy, so that it took philosophy to the road of the pursuit of certainty. This tendency to make philosophy scientific lead that human believe his capacity unprecedently, as a result, the subjectivity of mankind has been enhanced while this issue has become one of the key questions of philosophy. Husserl’s life-long pursuit of philosophy is constructing the philosophy become as strict as the mathematical sciences, and his philosophy of phenomenology is the ideal of this kind of philosophy. Husserl build his own system of transcendental phenomenology based on the past, especially in the Descartes and Kant’s philosophy, which make him overstep all the philosophy before him.The second part of the article will be described briefly the philosophy before Husserl, because we have to discuss any issues of philosophy based on the history of philosophy. In order to understand the history of subjectivity we must begin with the ancient Greek philosophy, as ancient Greek philosophy pregnant with the seeds of all philosophical thinking; In this section I will introduce the philosophy of Descartes and Kant mainly, not only because of Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology is inherited of them, but also because the subjectivity is the first time to be descript in a comprehensive way in Descartes philosophy; And Kant based on Descartes offer the principle of human establish the legislation of nature by his epistemology ,which put the principle of human subjectivity more forward.The third part will focus on that Husserl inherites the subjectivity-philosophy of Descartes and Kant through what ways and means. This part is divided into four sections. Section I--"from general suspicion to general phenomenological reduction"--Husserl think that Descartes’s "general suspicion" has not yet resolved the problem of the self-evident starting point for the philosophy, only through the phenomenological reduction can solve this problem. Section II will describe the substance self transform to the transcendental self. Because the modern philosophy of subjectivity associated with the rapid development of the scientific process, so that human is full of confidence for his capacity, and think that the human can learn, use, and control nature through their own ability. Thus make human beings and the natural world more and more in opposition. This means that Husserl only transform the substance self to transcendental self can solve the plight of dualism of philosophy. Section III introduces the reasons that Husserl used inter-subjectivity to reform the subjectivity. Husserl believes that: the past subjectivity-philosophy just talking about the question of individual subjectivity, and this does not conform to his ideals of philosophy, because a single thing can not guarantee the universal necessity of knowledge, so he reform the concept of subjectivity by the plural form. The fourth quarter mainly discuss that emphasizing the capacity of human make the Western philosophy and human nature become a serious crisis, he as a philosopher and thinker talk about this issue almost all of his later years.Part IV will briefly introduce the main problems and difficulties brought about by the philosophy that Husserl can not solve and the future impact his philosophy. I believe that mounting the object of all existence, as a result, Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology make a great expansion of people’ subjectivity, thus inevitably his philosophy would be thinked to be subjective and Anthropocentrism. Husserl’s philosophy and influence can be said to be profound and all-encompassing on later philosophy. At this point, the author only talk about the impact of Husserl in the aspects of Western Marxism and Existentialism. The novelty of this paper is to explore the subjectivity of Husserl’s philosophy based on the history of subjectivity-philosophy, which pursuit the ideal of strictly scientific philosophy and defend the self-evident and the inevitability of knowledge.更多还原