【作者】 张永利；

【导师】 董翠香；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 在现代市场经济环境下,最高额抵押作为一种特殊的担保制度,为那些连续性业务往来交易提供担保。相对于一般抵押来说,最高额抵押在促进资金融通、提供信用保证、强化交易关系等方面有着不可比拟的优势,具有方便、简单、快捷的特点。正因为如此,各国都对最高额抵押给予高度重视。德国、法国、日本、台湾地区都相继用立法的形式确立了最高额抵押制度。我国继《担保法》之后,于2007年3月16日通过了《物权法》,用一节的内容完善了最高额抵押制度的相关法律规定。在实践当中,如何具体应用最高额抵押,可能还存在一些疑难问题。本文从最高额抵押的基本理论出发,对最高额抵押权的设立、确定、效力等几个方面进行探讨。在借鉴各国法律规定的同时,结合我国《物权法》及《担保法司法解释》有关规定展开,以期为最高额抵押制度在我国经济社会中的规范发展提供一点借鉴。本文除前言及结语外,共分为四个部分。第一部分,探讨最高额抵押制度的基本理论。主要对最高额抵押权的概念及特征进行了深入剖析。最高额抵押权是指债务人或者第三人与抵押权人协议在最高债权额限度内,以抵押财产对一定期间内将要连续发生的债权提供抵押担保,当债务人不履行债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形时,抵押权人有权在最高额限度内就该担保财产优先受偿。对最高额抵押权概念的理解应当包括最高额、一定期间、连续发生等几个要素。对于最高额抵押权的特征来说,笔者认为主要具有特殊的从属性、特殊的特定性两个方面。从属性的特殊之处,指在存在上、处分上、消灭上与一般抵押权表现形式有所不同。特定性的特殊之处,表现在所担保债权的数额受质和量的限制,即受到基础法律关系及最高限额的限制。第二部分,主要探讨最高额抵押权设立中的疑难问题。分析了最高额抵押权所担保债权的类型、最高额抵押合同的设立以及登记在最高额抵押权设立中的效力三方面内容。笔者认为,对于概括最高额抵押权来说,因其有较多弊端,应当采取否定的态度。最高额抵押权所担保的债权应是基于基础法律关系而发生的连续性债权,且基础法律关系的类型应当限于连续性交易的债权,不应包括侵权之债、不当得利之债及票据债权。最高额抵押权的取得一般是设立最高额抵押合同。合同内容,除了包括一般抵押合同的必备条款以外,还应当包括最高额、决算期两方面内容。通过对登记要件主义及登记对抗主义的利弊进行分析,基于保护第三人利益、维护交易安全的角度考虑,对于最高额抵押权的设立来说以登记对抗主义为宜。虽然可能发生多个债权,但仅需在最高额抵押权设立之初进行一次登记即可。第三部分主要探讨了最高额抵押权确定中的疑难问题。从确定的意义、确定的事由、确定的效力及减额请求权、消灭请求权四个方面内容进行把握。确定有利于确定最高额抵押权人的优先受偿范围,保护利害关系人。确定事由包括当事人一方或双方意思表示及法定事由的发生。确定将会产生主债权的确定和所担保债权范围的确定两个方面的效力。有些国家还规定在最高额抵押权确定以后,抵押人还享有减额请求权和消灭请求权两种权利。这在我国立法当中未予体现,可谓是一个遗憾。第四部分主要探讨的是最高额抵押权实行中的疑难问题。对最高额抵押权所担保债权的范围、变更、处分、实行等方面存在的问题进行了分析。最高额抵押权所担保债权的范围包括哪些?各国主要有本金最高额说、债权最高额说,笔者较为赞同债权最高额说,即最高额应当包括本金、利息、迟延利息以及违约金,实现抵押权的费用不应计入最高额,应当在拍卖、变卖抵押财产所得价会中提前扣除。从实现交易灵活方便的角度考虑,应当允许最高额抵押权可以进行变更。变更的事项应当包括所担保债权的范围、最高额以及决算期的变更。对上述三方面事项进行变更时,应当进行变更登记,否则不能发生变更的效力。对于所担保债权来说,应当允许其可以脱离最高额抵押权单独转让;对于最高额抵押权来说,不可单独转让,也不随某一具体债权的转让而转让,但当基础法律关系发生转让时,最高额抵押权可随之转让。最高额抵押权的实行是最高额抵押权担保功能得以实现的最后环节,实行的结果将导致最高额抵押权的消灭。实行与确定应当严格区分。若要实行最高额抵押权,除应具备一般抵押权实行的条件外,还应当具备两个特殊条件:一是须某一具体债权到期未获清偿,二是抵押权人负有对债权的存在及具体数额进行举证的责任。本文主要采用比较分析、历史分析的方法进行论述。希望通过笔者的拙见,对最高额抵押权的理论发展及制度完善有所裨益,使最高额抵押制度对市场经济发展的作用能够得到更加充分的发挥。更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the modern market economy circumstance, the maximum mortgage, as a special mortgage, guarantees the continuous obligatory rights based on continuous relationship in a period of time. The maximum mortgage performs more and more important functions in the circulation of funds, the guarantee of economic relationship. So the maximum mortgage is adopted in many countries. German, France, Japan and Taiwan all put it into the civil code. China also regulates it in Law of Rights which is passed on March 16^th 2007.In practice, there are many problems in using the maximum mortgage. This article analyze its establishment, confirmation and validity. Studying the foreign law, this article also study Law of Rights and Explaining of Guarantee Law in order to do good to the regular development of the maximum mortgage system.This article has four parts except preface and concluding remark.The first part, mainly discuss the basic theory of the maximum mortgage system. The maximum mortgage refers to a special mortgage which the debtor or the third party agrees to use the mortgaged property to guarantee the continuous debt within the maximum limitation of guaranteed obligatory rights .When the debtor does not pay the debt, the creditor has the rights to sell the mortgaged property to realize the credit. The maximum mortgage has two characters: special independence and special certainty. It is limited by the quality and quantity, as it say, it is limited by the basic law relationship and the maximum limitation of guaranteed obligatory rights .The second part, mainly discuss the problems in establishment. Including the kinds of the guaranteed credit ,the establishment of contract and the validity of registration. In my opinion, the excessive maximum mortgage has many shortcomings, so we should reject it .The basic law relationship mainly refers to continuous commodities. The contract includes the content of the maximum limitation of credit and the auditing date. To protect the benefits of the third party and protect the deals, the establishment of the maximum mortgage must be registered and the registration at the beginning of the establishment is enough.The third part, mainly discuss the problems in the confirmation. I mainly discuss four aspects of this problem: the meaning of confirmation, the cause ,the validity , the reduce application institution and extinctive application institution. The cause of confirmation includes the agreement of one or two parts or the happening of some rules in law. Once confirmation happens, the credit and the guaranteed obligatory scope is confirmed. In some countries, the owner of the mortgaged property has reduce application institution and extinctive application institution. They are not ruled in China, this is a pity.The fourth part, mainly discuss the problem of the realization of the maximum mortgage. What kinds of credit are included in the range of credit? In my opinion, the maximum limitation of the credit includes principal、interest、delay interest、penalty。Considered to make the commodities more convenient ,the two parts can transfer the maximum mortgage and this transference should be registered again. The realization is different from confirmation. If we want to realize the maximum mortgage ,there must be two conditions. The first one is, the debtor does not pay the debt when the payment term comes. The second one is ,the mortgagee should prove the existence and the real amount of the credit.This article primarily use compare analysis means and historical analysis means. I hope my study can help the development of the theory and perfection of the maximum mortgage system. So it can play a due role in the market economy.更多还原