【作者】 王兆顺；

【导师】 翟衡；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 果树学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本实验以欧亚种、欧美杂交种、砧木、野生种及山欧杂种等不同种类的葡萄为研究试材,于2006-2008年在山东农业大学园艺实验站,郑州葡萄研究所及蓬莱中摩基地进行取样,通过研究不同种类葡萄根系的组织结构特征及其与抗根瘤蚜的关系,揭示葡萄根系对根瘤蚜的结构抗性机理,为进一步研究诱导抗性和生化抗性奠定基础,为葡萄生产上选择砧木和抗虫育种提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:1.不同种类葡萄对根瘤蚜的敏感度随着根皮率和根皮质量比的增加而增加,根皮质量比与根皮率正相关(r=0.870)。抗根瘤蚜砧木的平均根皮率均小于0.60,对根瘤蚜敏感的欧美杂交种和欧亚种的平均根皮率都大于0.70;根皮率越大,根系越偏向于肉质化,对根瘤蚜的敏感性越大。2.不同种类葡萄的根皮中纤维素、木质素、果胶类物质的含量与其抗根瘤蚜能力有显著相关性,相关系数依次为0.945、0.796、0.781,其含量均表现为砧木>山欧杂种>野生种、欧美杂交种、欧亚种。接种根瘤蚜24天后三个不同抗性品种根段的纤维素和果胶含量呈下降趋势,但其绝对含量仍是140Ru>熊岳白>达米娜。纤维素、木质素、果胶类物质的含量影响葡萄根系细胞壁的结构组成,含量越多根系细胞壁的硬度和韧性就越大,对根瘤蚜的抗性越大。3.不同种类的葡萄根系解剖结构特征与其对根瘤蚜的抗性密切相关,主要表现在根系木栓层细胞的形状、大小、细胞的层数和皮层薄壁组织的细胞大小及排列情况。三个欧亚种和巨峰的木栓层细胞只有5层、呈细长方形、边缘无突起,皮层薄壁细胞体积较大、斜向排列疏松;山欧杂种以及贝达和华佳8号木栓层细胞均为7层,呈长方形、少数细胞边缘有突起,其皮层薄壁细胞体积较小、斜向排列致密;抗性砧木木栓层细胞达到8层,呈椭圆形、多数细胞边缘有突起,其皮层薄壁细胞体积较小、横向排列致密。由欧美杂交种和欧亚种、野生种、山欧杂种到砧木品种,其根系木栓层细胞的层数依次增多、木栓层细胞体积依次减小、细胞排列逐渐变得致密;皮层薄壁组织的细胞体积依次减小、细胞排列逐渐变得致密,对根瘤蚜的抗性依次加大。4.不同种类的葡萄根系在根瘤蚜侵染后反应有很大差异,在欧美杂交种、欧亚种、大多数野生葡萄和部分山欧杂种葡萄上,根瘤蚜侵染在初生根上产生根结,在有次生结构的粗根上产生根瘤。在少数砧木品种上,根瘤蚜侵染虽能在新根上产生少量根结,但不能在粗根上产生根瘤;而在大部分砧木品种上根瘤蚜既不能形成根结,也不能产生根瘤。石蜡切片发现,根结的形成不是取食位点附近细胞数目的增多,而是根瘤蚜刺激侵染点远端的细胞体积变大所致;但在根瘤的形成过程中,根瘤蚜不但刺激木栓形成层附近的细胞数目增多,还会使这些细胞体积增大百分之二十左右。5解剖观察根瘤蚜的侵染过程,根瘤蚜刺吸新根初期,侵染点附近的表面下陷,随着根瘤蚜的生长,受影响的组织范围扩大,细胞逐层变小、凹陷,根瘤蚜陷在凹陷处,侵染点远端的细胞体积变大,根尖逐渐变形成鸟头状根结;而根瘤蚜刺吸粗根初期表皮稍有凹陷,其后根瘤蚜刺激侵染点木栓形成层细胞增多,其排列与根系表面呈明显的垂直方向,随着根瘤中细胞的膨大,侵染点附近的细胞组织逐渐突起,形成根瘤。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to study the mechanism of constriction resistance in root to grape phylloxera, Grape of V.vinifera, V.america, rootstocks and wild grapes were used as material to investigate the relationship of the morphology、anatomy structure and organizational structure in these grape roots and their resistance to Grape phylloxera during 2006~2008. Materials were collected from Shandong agriculture university, Zhengzhou fruit research institute and experimental area of China- Moldova. This research will provide theoretical guidance for the grape cultivation and resistance breeding, lays the foundation for the further study to induced resistance, and provides basis for induced resistance and physiology resistance to Grape phylloxera. The main results were as follows:1. Susceptibility level of grape root to phylloxera was significant positive correlation with related to percentage and mass ratio of root bark, at the same time, the mass ratio of root bark was positive correlation with the percentage of root bark. The average of the percentage of root bark of V.vinifera-V.Americain and V.Vinifera varieties was all more than 0.70, on the other hand, the average of the percentage of root bark of resistance rootstocks is less than 0.60. Grape root tend to succulent root with the percentage of root bark increased, meanwhile, the grape were susceptible to grape phylloxera.2. Resistance level of grape root to phylloxera was significant positive correlation with the cellulose content, lignin and pectin, whose interrelating coefficient were 0.945、0.796、0.781 respectively. Among which, Rootstocks had highest cellulose content, lignin and pectin, and Chinese wild grapes, V.vinifera-V.Americain and V.Vinifera had the lowest content. The contents of cellulose and pectin declined 24 days after inoculation, while the order for the absolute value of cellulose and pectin lead is: 140Ru>Xiongyuebai>Tamina. Cellulose, lignin and pectin are cell wall components, and the resistance level to grape phylloxera was positive correlation with the contents of cellulosea, lignin and pectin in grape roots. 3.Resistance level of grape root to phylloxera was closely related to anatomical structure, anatomical structure were showed as the volume, layers, arrangement of cork layer cells and the volume, arrangement of cortex cells. The three V.vinifera and Kyolo had five cork layer cells, and these cells were quadrate without protuberance in the periphery; V.amurensis-V.vinifera, the Wild grape Beta and Huajia No.8 had seven cork layer cells, and these cells was quadrate with seldom protuberance in the periphery; Rootstocks had eight cork layer cells, and these cells were oval and most cortex cells have protuberance in the periphery; From V.vinifera-V.Americain, V.vinifera and V.amurensis-V.vinifera to rootstocks, the volume of cork layer cells becomes smaller in order, and the number of cork layer cell layers becomes larger in order, the arrangement of cortex cells becomes firmer in order, meanwhile, the same tend as the volume and arrangement of cortex cells, at the same time, the resistance to grape phylloxera becomes stranger with these changes in anatomical structure.4. Different varieties have different reactions after grape phylloxera infection, V.vinifera, V.vinifera-V.Americain, most of the wild resources and V.amurensis-V.vinifera would produced large numbers of nodosities and tuberosities; some wild resources, the rest of V.amurensis-V.vinifera and few rootstocks could produced some nodosities but no tuberosities; a majority of rootstocks could not produced any nodosities and tuberositie. The result of paraffin section showed that the nodosity formation was not caused by the number of plies of cortex cells increased, but by the distal cells of cortex increased in size; The tuberosity formation was caused not only by the number of cork cambium cells increased, but also by the volume of cells nearby the feeding site increased, whose volume could increased about 20 percent.5. The result of anatomy structure showed that the surface near the feeding site collapsed at the beginning of phylloxera infected, then the collapsed area enlarged and the cells near the feeding site was stunted, at the same time, the volume of the distal cells augments, as a result, the primary roots (especially nearby the root tip) became nodosities, which looked like bird’s heads, and the phylloxera fed on the collapse area. The surface of粗根nearby the feeding site collapse a little at first, then, the cell numbers increased near the cork cambium and the cell size increased later on, and the orientation of these cells was vertical to the surface. As a result, the swelling appeared and tuberosities emerged at last.更多还原