【作者】 张伟；

【导师】 刘学敏；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 植物病理学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 大豆菌核病是由大豆核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)引起的侵染性病害,是一种世界性的大豆病害,可导致大豆严重减产。国外大豆菌核病主要分布于巴西、加拿大、美国、匈牙利、日本和印度等国,国内则主要发生于华北、华东、西南、东北等大豆产区。在我国东北大豆产区的黑龙江省,进入80年代后菌核病日趋严重,发病率由5%左右上升到20%~30%,严重地块高达50%以上,甚至绝产。近年来,随着大豆种植面积不断扩大,重迎茬大豆面积逐年增加,大豆菌核病的发生呈扩大蔓延、加重危害的趋势,对大豆生产构成较大的威胁。菌核病主要是由菌核作为初侵染来源引起危害,田间再侵染的作用不大,控制初始菌量是防治菌核病发生危害的有效方法。因此本文对抗病品种的选择、农业防治和化学防治等综合防治措施进行了研究。1.种植抗病品种是防治大豆菌核病最经济有效的措施。本研究通过比较四种不同人工接种鉴定方法筛选出菌核撒施法作为大量品种抗性鉴定的方法。搜集当前生产上主推品种和即将推出的后备品种,通过人工接菌的方法,鉴定其对大豆菌核病的抗性,筛选出对大豆菌核病抗级以上的大豆品种(或品系)13个,为生产上品种合理布局及抗病育种提供科学依据。2.通过田间定点调查和普查的方式,研究大豆栽培方式对大豆菌核病发生规律的影响,兼顾生育期、土壤类型、茬口、品种、肥力以及地貌等生态环境条件状况,明确了不同栽培方式对菌核病发生的影响,在垄上单行稀植栽培方式下的菌核病的发病率最低,从而对大豆菌核病的防治提供指导。3.药剂防治大豆菌核病作用迅速,效果显著,使用方法比较简单。通过室内抑菌试验的方法,筛选出对大豆菌核病抑制作用明显、环境相容好的高效、低毒、低残留的化学药剂及生物制剂5种,分别为菌核净、高扑、扑海因、多菌灵和速克灵,对大豆核盘菌地抑菌率分别是60.91%、60.07%、51.09%、49.56%和47.25%。将上述各研究方法科学合理的有机结合,初步建立一套控制病害危害的新途径和新方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 The soybean sclerotinia stem rotis a infective disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)deBary,and is a cosmopolitan soybean disease that can cause serious losses in yield.In overseas,the soybean sclerotinia stem rot mainly distributed in Brazil,Canada,America, Hungary,Japan and India. In China,it mainly distributed in soybean production areas of north china,east china,southwest china and northeast china. In Heilongjiang Province of northeast china soybean production areas,the incidence of soybean sclerotinia stem rot is increasingly serious when entering the 80`s,the incidence rate are increased from 5% to 20%~30%,the most serious incidence rate of the field are more than 50%,even nil production. Recent years,with the constant enlargement of the soybean planting areas,the alternate and continuous planting areas are increased year by year,the incidence of soybean sclerotinia stem rot are present the trend of enlarge,spread and aggravated harm,make greater threat to the soybean production.The soybean sclerotinia stem rot is a kind of disease that primary infection source mainly consist with sclerotia,the secondary infection in the field has little effect,control the initial amount of inoculum is the effective method to contrl the soybean sclerotinia stem rot. So the comprehensive control measures such as the selection of resistant variety,the agricultural control and the chemical control and so on were studied in this paper ,1. The most economic and effective method to control the soybean sclerotinia stem rot is plan- ting resistance cultivars. By comparing four different methods of artificial inoculation in this study,the method of broadcast-sclerotia was selected as the main identified method to identificati- on the resistance of a large number of varieties.Collection the main popularized soybean varieties that now used in current production and the reserved soybean varieties that will pushed out soon,by the method of artifical inoculation,identification their resistance to the soybean sclerotinia stem rot,screened out thirteen soybean varietie(slines)that showed the resistance of above R level to the soybean sclerotinia stem rot,which can provide scientific basis for the reasonable layout it in production and the resistance breeding.2. By the method of point survey and general survey in the field,we studied the effect of the soybean cultivation model to the occurrence law of the soybean sclerotinia stem rot,also about the ecological environment situation such as growth period,soil type,crops for rotation,varieties fertility,landform and so on,Clearly the influence of culture mode to disease incidence of soybean scleraotinia stem rot and the incidence in the mode of single ridge under Sparse cultivation is minimum,which can provide guidance to the control of the soybean sclerotinia stem rot.3. Use of chemical fungicides to control soybean sclerotinia stem rot has the characteristics of action rapid,obvious effect and simple using method.By the method of inhibitory test of mycxelium growth in lab,screened out five kinds of effective control,low toxicity,low residual chemical fungicides and biological agent that inhibited the proliferation of the soybean sclerotinia stem rot and well compatible with the environment:dimetachlone、5% Methoxy-acrylate Ec、Iprodione、carbendazim and Sumilex,and the inhibitory rate to S. sclerotiorum is 60.91%、60.07%、51.09%、49.56 and 47.25% respectively.Make the above research methods organic combination of scientifically and rational,prliminary developed the new way and new technology that can control the disease.更多还原