【作者】 郭涛；

【导师】 何东平；

【作者基本信息】 武汉工业学院 ， 粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 餐厨垃圾指产生于餐饮经营、居民生活及企业食堂等食用的残余,俗称泔水。餐厨垃圾物理状呈固液混合态,且相当粘稠,化学成分复杂,主要包括水、无机盐、有机酸及各种大分子有机化合物(蛋白质、淀粉、纤维素、杂多糖、脂肪)等。由于餐厨垃圾富含有机质,因而有可能为各种病源微生物及各种携带病源微生物的蝇虫提供良好的生长繁殖环境,导致疾病的传播。另外,废弃油脂和残渣的排放会堵塞水道,污染环境。因此,从源头制止垃圾的扩散,在原地对泔水进行加工处理是一项亟待解决的大事。以往餐厨垃圾的主要出路,一是有偿无偿地被城郊养猪户不加以处理地饲喂肥猪,出栏成千上万头的“垃圾猪”;二是被不法商贩回收提炼废弃油脂(地沟油)后,掺入食用油中出售。餐厨垃圾在国内绝大多数城市存在着管理无序、任意处置等问题,已经成为垃圾收集、运输和填埋处理的主要污染源,严重影响市容市貌、居民身体健康及环境质量。合理处理餐厨垃圾不仅可以减少垃圾处理成本、避免环境污染,而且可以增加社会资源、保障人民身心健康。就目前中国现状来说,“地沟油”不仅常给人们带来环境污染,而且常给人们带来“餐桌污染”。这一直是我们食品监管部门难以解决的问题。本研究以“地沟油”为原料制备生物柴油,变废为宝,为该问题的解决提供途径,实验对生物柴油的碱法催化制备工艺进行了初步研究。本论文主要研究的内容结果归纳如下:1.餐厨垃圾分拣出塑料、玻璃等物质,餐厨垃圾加热蒸煮保持一定温度和水分,挤压压榨出油水混合物,经过固液分离出的固体经过烘干、冷却、包装后即得复合蛋白饲料。2.餐厨垃圾处理中油脂和水分的去除,探讨了餐厨垃圾处理过程中,蒸煮、酶解、挤压对油脂和水分的去除作用,最优条件为:蒸煮过程中温度160℃,时间30min;酶解过程选用纤维素酶,加酶量5%(酶与原料的总质量比),搅拌20min;挤压过程30MPa。结果表明最终固相中油脂含量为8.7%,脱水率达到74.3%,适合餐厨垃圾处理企业的连续化生产。3.废弃油脂的脱色处理,脱色的条件;加入5%的活性白土,分3次加入,初始温度90℃,最终温度120℃,边加入边搅拌1h,过滤后即得到脱色后的废弃油脂。4.以脱色的废弃油脂为原料,采用两步法制备生物柴油。得比较理想的酯化反应条件:醇酸摩尔比8:1,催化剂量2.5%,反应时间3h,反应温度60℃;酸值可降到2以下。最佳酯交换反应条件:醇油比35%,催化剂量1%,反应时间1.5h,反应温度60℃;酯交换转化率可达到98%以上。产品生物柴油各项品质指标均符合ASTM(美国材料与试验协会)标准。5.确定絮凝处理餐厨垃圾挤压液的最佳条件为:每处理100mL的挤压液,投加膨润土1g,明矾1g。在此条件下处理100mL餐厨垃圾挤压液,可使其COD(化学需氧量)从12654.6 mg/L降到504.8 mg/L,COD去除率达到82.2%。6.探讨出餐厨垃圾处理企业中苍蝇防治的方法。分别考察温度、湿度等对苍蝇变态发育各个阶段的影响,结果表明,温度高于45℃,湿度低于60%或者高于80%,能很好抑制苍蝇的生长。更多还原

【Abstract】 Food residue was generated in the remains of restaurant business, residents and corporate canteens, commonly known as swill. Food residue was solid-liquid mixing, and very sticky. Chemical composition was complicated, mainly including water, inorganic salts, organic acids and a variety of macromolecular organic compounds (protein, starch, cellulose, heteropolysaccharide, fat) etc. As the food residue is rich in organic matter, which is likely to provide a good environment for growth and reproduction to a variety of pathogenic micro-organisms and a variety of pathogenic micro-organisms of the flies carrying insects, resulting in the spread of the disease. In addition, the emissions of waste grease and residue would choke the drainpipe, and pollution the environment. Therefore, it was an urgent priority to stop the proliferation from the source, and process swil in place.In the past , the main exit of food residue was free of charge to be paid for peri-urban pig farmers to feed pigs, slaughter thousands of "garbage pig" at first; Second, waste oil (trench oil) was refining recovery by unscrupulous traders have been, the incorporation of the sale of edible oil. The food residue in most cities was disorderly management and arbitrary disposal, which had become primary pollution source of refuse collection, transport and landfill, seriously affecting cities, the health and environmental quality of residents. To deal with food residue reasonably can not only reduce waste disposal costs, avoid environmental pollution, and increase the social resources, protect the physical and mental health of citizens.On the current status of China, the trench oil often not only produced environmental pollution, and often brought table pollution. This has been difficult for our food regulatory issues to resolve. In this study, trench oil was raw materials for the preparation of biodiesel, which provided a means test for the problem. Preliminary study was executed Alkali catalyzed to preparat biodiesel.This paper discussed cooking, ferment and squeeze and drying have an effect upon protein and water on food residue treatment process, the optimal conditions were that temperature of cooking was 160℃, , time was 30min, fermented solution was15% , vaccination proportion was 1:1 and time was 5 day, pressure of extruding process was 30MPa. The result showed that protein content was 33.5% in the final solid phase, dehydration rate was 74.3%, which was fit for the continuous production of food residue processing enterprises.This paper discussed cooking, enzymatic hydrolysis and squeeze on the removal of oil and water on food residue treatment process, the optimal conditions were that temperature of cooking was 160℃, , time was 30min, cellulose was used in enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme volume was 5%( the total mass ratio of enzyme to raw materials), time was 20min, pressure of squeeze was 30MPa. The result showed that oil content was 8.7% in the final solid phase, dehydration rate was 74.3%, which was fit for the continuous production of food waste processing enterprises.The optimum technical conditions for food waste extrusion fluid treated by flocculation have now been defined:Adding 1g bentonite and 1g alum when 100ml food waste extrusion fluid is treated。When treating 100ml food waste extrusion fluid at these conditions, COD is from 12654.6mg/L to 504.8mg/L,82.2% of COD can be removedDiscuss ways of prevention and cure fly by food Residue CoMPany。Review effective of fly metamorphosis develop by temperature and humidity, the results indicated that temperature over 45℃and humidity below 60% or over 80% could restrain growing of fly。Methods on hogwash oil with Liquid chromatography by determination of cholesterol content.Cholesterol content of vegetable oil increase with hogwash oil linearly, The results show that when the the cholesterol content in vegetable oil more than 0.05mg/g , Can be clearly observed in cholesterol peak,but edible vegetable oils are not detected cholesterol,so is used to determine the characteristics of vegetable oil as a blending.Waste edible oil is decolorized by bleaching earths, then being saponified .The solution,got from saponification, is changed into precipitate of lead oleale and lead stearate. Using alcohol to seperate lead oleae and lead atearate, then after a series reaction with hydrochloric,acid oleic acid and stearic acid are obtained. The purity of stearic acid is 83%, and oleic acid is separated completely by inspection.更多还原