【作者】 乌兰图雅；

【导师】 王来喜；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古师范大学 ， 中国少数民族经济， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 内容摘要:清朝,从内地到蒙古地区进行贸易的商人,内地人称之为“旅蒙商”。旅蒙商,是在17世纪初至20世纪50年代末,活跃于中国北疆蒙古地区,从事边境贸易活动的商人、商铺和商帮的通称。当初内地受严重自然灾害、满洲残酷的统治,而清政府对蒙古地区政策调整,加之哲里木地区地广人稀,旅蒙商可以在哲里木地区小库伦进行商贸活动。最初旅蒙商来哲里木地区是清末民初,当地蒙古牧民称之为萨胡勒。萨胡勒是哲里木地区最早的民族贸易形式。从清朝中叶到民国前,哲里木地区的商业活动主要依靠萨胡勒。当时的萨胡勒包括进行小本生意的商人(货郎)、小商小贩、手工作坊者、“板车贸易”者、商铺以及“蒙民自赴商埠”等。本文通过系统的考察哲里木地区萨胡勒的活动范围、经商方式和商品种类,把萨胡勒现象与哲里木地区经济文化变迁联系起来,从民族之间经济文化交融的机理和优势方面考虑,分析萨胡勒对哲里木地区经济文化社会发展变化带来的影响,并把它作为一种支配力量来研究。这是本论文的创新点,又是重点内容。萨胡勒现象不仅是经济现象而且是文化现象,萨胡勒现象与哲里木地区的经济文化现象有着互动的关系。萨胡勒对哲里木地区经济文化的发展有着不可忽视的影响。虽然萨胡勒的高利盘剥引起民族矛盾,中原内地移民的乱开滥垦导致生态环境破坏,低俗文化的传播危害社会等对哲里木地区带来消极影响。但是萨胡勒对于哲里木地区经济文化发展产生的积极影响、促进作用应给予肯定,并加以继承。萨胡勒刺激清代哲里木地区的商业,推动了商品市场的形成和发展,使蒙古牧民商品价值观念发生变化;商业、手工业和农业等多种经济得到发展,弃牧经商和弃牧为农之人大量增加,使蒙古牧民的谋生方式和生活习惯发生变化;各种先进的生产技术和科技文化的传播,使蒙汉民族的商品知识和文化教育相互融合;哲里木地区交通沿线出现集镇;蒙汉各民族间感情加深等。总之,萨胡勒的出现,使哲里木地区的经济、文化和教育等诸多方面得到了发展和变化,改变了社会经济结构和人口结构,满足了蒙古社会的多元化需要。萨胡勒是中原农耕经济文化与草原游牧经济文化接触、交融的一个窗口,使这两种经济文化有了进一步联系、碰撞,相互补充,共同发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 In Qing Dynasty, the traders from the interior areas to Mongolia are called Lvmengshang by the local people. Lvmengshang are generally refer to the traders, retail shops and business groups that were active in the north part of Mongolia, China, from the early 17th century to the late 1950s. At that time, the interior areas were suffering the serious natural disasters and the cruel rule from the Manchuria, and the Qing government had made some adjustment to the policies to the Mongolian areas, additionally, because the Jerim area is a vast area but aparsely populated, the traders to Mongolia were allowed to do some trades in the small Kulun area. The earliest time when the traders to Mongolia came to the Jerim areas is about the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beggining of the Ming Dynasty, and they were called Sahul by the local Mongolian herders. Sahule is the earliest form of the national commerce in Jerim areas. The commercial activities of the Jerim areas were mainly rely on Sahul from the mid-Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China. At that time, Sahul maily includes the businessmen who were doing some small businesses, small tradespeople and pedlars, workers in the handworked workshops, plate trailer traders, business shops and commercial ports which were run by the Mongolians. This paper had systermatically examed the volume of activities, forms of the trades, and the categories of the commodities of the Sahul, and conected the Sahul phenomena with the economy and cultural changes of the Jerim areas, and then analyzed the impacts of the Sahul trade to the economy and cutural developments of the Jerim areas in the aspects of the mechanism and the superiority of the blend of the nations in economy and culture. This paper investigates the Sahul phenomena as the dominant power, this is the innovative part of this paper and is also the important content.The Sahul phenomena is not only a economical phenomena but also a cultural phenomena, it has an interactive conection with the economy and cultural phenomena in the Jerim areas, and it’s affects on the economy and cultural developments in the Jerim areas can’t be ignored. Although the high rate of interest exploit of Sahul had sharpened the ethnic contradictions, and the unauthorized reclamation of the immigrants to the central plains had seriously destroied ecological environment, and the spread of the vulgar cultures have negative impacts on the development of the Jerim areas, the Sahul phenomena also has some positive impacts and promotive effects on the Jerim areas, we should see these positive effects and carry them on. Sahul trade motivated the business in Jerim areas in Qing Dynasty, promoted the forming and developing of the commodity market, and also changed the values of the Mongolian herders for the values of the commodities. With the development of Sahul trade, a variety of economies such as commerce, handicraft industry and agriculture have developed very fast, people who gave up grassland farming and began business or agriculture have increased rapidly, all this have changed the living means and living habits of the Mongolian herders. The spread of the advanced production technologies and science technologies merged the warenkenntnis and cultural education between the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality. There appeared market towns along the transportation tracks. And the friendship between the Mongolian and Han nationalities has deepened. In a word, Sahul trade promoted the economy, culture, transportation and education of the Jerim areas, it also changed the economy and population structure, and sufficed the diversification in Mongolian society. Sahul is a tangent and blended window between the agrarian economy culture in the interior areas and the pastoral economy in the plain, it made the two forms of economies conected and crashed closer, and allowed the two economies completed each other, and developed rapidly together.更多还原