《女史箴图》：从教化到审美的转型

【作者】 张丹；

【导师】 徐邠；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 美术学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 魏晋南北朝是我国历史上战乱频仍、生灵涂炭的动荡时期,痛苦动荡的社会现实促进了精神领域的全速发展,并给此期艺术打上了鲜明的时代烙印。文化上玄学和佛学取代了儒学的大一统局面,表现为人物品藻由政治学上的材量人物转为美学上的欣赏人物,人物画在延续传统题材的同时新增了女性绘画题材,把女性作为审美对象是这个时期人物绘画的突出特点。《女史箴图》作为这个时代女性题材绘画的杰出代表,值得我们深入研究。从《女史箴图》的文字内容来看,它是封建社会宣扬女性道德的教科书。正是由于内容上的束缚,人们关注更多的是它在历史上所起的教化作用,而没有关注图中女性形象的个性特征,进而忽视对这个时期女性美的发现,也就不能正确认识《女史箴图》的历史地位。本文主要对传为顾恺之所作《女史箴图》的审美趣味展开讨论,目的就是要人们重新认识《女史箴图》,把视角转向它的审美功能。全文分三大部分,运用文献检索和图像分析等研究方法展开论述:第一部分,介绍《女史箴图》的创作渊源、箴文内容、研究现状,明确本文研究的版本是现藏于大英博物馆的《女史箴图》。第二部分,阐述《女史箴图》所处的时代背景,包括魏晋时期的审美文化特征、人物品藻之风、人物画的发展状况;针对图中反映的审美文化理念作出个案分析,列举“冯媛挡熊”和“修容”“饰性”两段内容论述魏晋时期人物画中张扬女性美的审美文化理念。第三部分,探讨顾恺之的绘画理论以及后人对其绘画特征的评价,说明《女史箴图》中的一切造型原则都是魏晋时期审美文化特征的体现,并且以顾恺之的文学作品中所呈现的审美思想为佐证,进一步说明传为顾恺之的《女史箴图》是一幅具有时代审美品格的巨作。通过以上的分析,本文认为:一贯被视为封建礼教画的《女史箴图》不仅具有传统的劝诫教化意义,更重要的是从人物形象的塑造上已经充分反映了魏晋时期人物画发展的方向,开始由宣扬政教转向描绘人物自身之美。《女史箴图》代表了人物画逐渐脱离单一的教化功能开始转向并重视审美功能的重要标志。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wei-Jin period are history of frequent war in our country, and people living difficult life at that time, serious social reality promote a full-speed development of spirit field, and marked a sharp era imprint to artistic of this period. On the cultural side, metaphysics and Buddhism replaced the unified situation of Confucianism, which showed by human evaluation began to change from evaluation of characters in political sphere to appreciate figures in the field of aesthetics; Chinese figure painting continued the traditional themes , meanwhile it also was added a female subject, regarding female as aesthetic object was the typical characteristics of Chinese figure painting during this period. "Picture of Lady Officials" as an outstanding representatives of the female subject painting in this time, it is our in-depth study. From the creation content of "Picture of Lady Officials", this is a ruling class to promote women’s moral textbooks. It is precisely because of the constraints on content, people only see it played the role of education in the history, but not regard the personality characteristics of the image of women in the painting, and thus neglect of the finding of female beauty in this period, and then people can not correctly understand the historical status of "Picture of Lady Officials". This thesis mainly discusses the aesthetic interest of "Picture of Lady Officials" by Gu Kaizhi,the purpose is to re-recognize"Picture of Lady Officials",shifted the perspective on its aesthetic features. The full text is divided into three parts, the use of literature retrieval and image analysis methods start on:The first part, introduce the creative origins, text content and research status of"Picture of Lady Officials" and then come to spread situation passed the above situation, explicit the version of this painting in my paper is now collected in the British Museum.The second part, elaborate "Picture of Lady Officials"in which the background of the times, including characteristics of aesthetic cultural/atmosphere of people evaluation and the development of Chinese figure painting during Wei- Jin period; for the painting to reflect the aesthetic cultural concepts to case studies, cited " Fengyuan block the Bear" and " Makeup ""Self-cultivation " which reflects the concept of aesthetic culture of advocating of Female beauty in Chinese figure painting during Wei-Jin period.The third part, illuminate that all figure-painting principle in this painting is the appearance of the characteristics of aesthetic culture through analysis of painting theory of Gu Kaizhi and the evaluations from later generation,and corroborated by the aesthetic thought of Gu Kaizhi in his literature works, thereby illustrated "Picture of Lady Officials" by Gu Kaizhi is a great works with aesthetic character of the times.Obtained through the above argument: "Picture of Lady Officials" which was regarded as feudal ethical panting not only has the traditional exhortatory meaning, more importantly, from the figuring of character image, it has fully reflected the development direction of the Chinese figure painting in Wei-Jin period, and it has also begun to shift from promoting political ethics to depict the beauty of their own.“Picture of Lady Officials " is an important hallmark which represents that Chinese figure painting gradually shift from enlightenment function to the aesthetic function.更多还原