【作者】 白洪青；

【导师】 徐志宏； 朱志建；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业推广， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 早竹是浙江省栽培面积较为广泛的笋用竹种,以德清、临安、余杭为主产区,全省面积超过3.0万hm~2。国内外对早竹栽培、病虫害防治、生理生态等方面都进行了研究,但对于早竹笋期害虫的研究还不够深入,特别是笋期地下害虫的危害与防治。本项目侧重研究早竹笋期害虫的发生情况及规律,制定科学防治措施,确保竹笋产品的质量安全。项目对全县早竹笋期害虫发生情况做了调查,深入研究了几种主要害虫的生物学特性,并有针对性地开展了防治试验研究,取得的研究如下:1、初步查清了全县早竹笋期危害的害虫种类和危害程度,列出了害虫名录,共有害虫4目8科16种。以叩甲类、夜蛾类和蚜虫类危害最为严重,象甲类、蝇类和金龟子类在局部地区危害严重。2004年全县早竹笋期害虫危害面积1.02万hm~2,其中叩甲类危害面积0.49万hm~2,中度以上危害面积0.3 hm~2;夜蛾类危害面积0.16万hm~2,中度以上危害面积0.087万hm~2;象甲类危害面积0.15万hm~2,中度以上危害面积0.03万hm~2。2、确定了筛胸梳爪叩甲、沟胸重脊叩甲、三星象、淡竹笋夜蛾和蚜虫为主要笋期害虫,并通过室外监测和室内观察对各害虫进行了生物学特性和生活习性研究。初步确定筛胸疏爪叩甲为4-5年发生1代,以成虫及各龄幼虫越冬,而在覆盖竹林中由于地温提高,取食贯穿全年。其卵的孵化历期为8d-14d,历期长短与气温、环境湿度、土壤等相关。幼虫为害盛期在4月中下旬,与竹笋生长盛期吻合;成虫出土盛期在5月中旬,降雨降温对成虫出土有明显影响。沟胸重脊叩甲为3-4年发生1代,各虫态主要习性与筛胸梳爪叩甲相似。三星象为1年发生1代,以成虫越冬,出土时间跟土壤及环境温度有密切关系,主要危害后期小笋。淡竹笋夜蛾1年发生1代,4月初危害,4月中旬至5月中旬危害最盛。幼虫蛀食笋肉,并随竹笋生长逐步上移,等发育老熟后入土化蛹。蚜虫则一年多代发生,以危害竹叶为主,但近年来在竹笋上的危害逐步加重,影响竹笋长叶展枝。3、对叩甲、淡竹笋夜蛾和蚜虫开展了防治试验。表明采用茶籽饼防治叩甲幼虫在覆盖竹林和常规竹林的危害减退率分别达到86%、62%;采用3%护地净颗粒剂防治叩甲的危害减退率为62%和100%。采用植物型和生物型竹笋有机肥防治叩甲幼虫的虫口减退率达到65.8%和76.1%,校正效果达到57.2%和70.1%,在生产实践中都具有推广应用价值。采用清理退笋和杂草的营林措施可有效减轻来年淡竹笋夜蛾危害,虫株减退率可达70.1%,校正效果达到68.2%。采用虫螨光喷雾和吡虫啉涂秆的方法对蚜虫具有良好防治效果,而吡虫啉作为低毒农药也可采用喷雾法防治竹笋上的蚜虫。4、综合研究成果,总结早竹笋期害虫防治技术主要包括保护天敌、遏制虫口密度;采用营林措施控制虫害,如加强竹林管理,深翻垦复,清理虫害笋和杂草、轮休覆盖等;或采用人工捕捉、灯光诱杀等物理措施;在虫害严重时可采用化学方法,选用低毒农药或生物制剂。并根据生产实践,归纳总结了早竹笋期害虫防治年历表。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhaoyuanzhu bamboo(ZYZ,Phyllostachys praecox) is a popular cultivar species in Zhejiang province,The bamboo cultured over 30,000 ha over the province.Deqing, Linan and Yuhang counties are the major cultured areas.The culture,control of disease and pest,physiology and ecology of the bamboo have been studied in domestic an abroad,but few studies is down in the bamboo pests in shooting period,especially the underground pest. This project focused on the occurrence of the pests in the bamboo shooting period,to make out scientific measures for pest control,ensuring the food security of bamboo shoot products.We investigated the occurrence of bamboo pests in shooting period,and researched on the biological characteristics of the major pests and developed control techniques.The results is reported as follows:1.Bamboo pests of 4 orders 8 families 16 pest species were found in ZYZ,the pest species and damage in bamboo-shoot period were listed in the thesis.In all the pests, Elaterid,Noctuid and Aphid caused the most damage,weevils,flies and grubs caused damage in partial area.In 2004,the the bamboo shoots damage area was of 10,200 hm~2,in which Elaterid caused damage in 4,900 hm~2,the moderate extent area was 3,000 hm~2;The damage area by Noctuid was 1,600 hm~2,and the moderate extent area was 870 hm~2;The damage area of weevil was 1,500 hm~2,and the moderate extent area was 300 hm~2。2.Bamboo pests Melanotus cribricollis(Faldermann)、Chiagosnius sulcicolis (Candeze)、Otidognathus sp.、Apamea kumaso(Sugi) and aphids were listed as major targets of control.The biology characteristics of these pests was studied in lab and monitored in the fields.Melanotus cribricollis(Faldermann) occurred one generation every 4-5 years,the adults and larvae in every stage can live over winter,and they can feed through the whole year in the land covered bamboo forest as the ground temperature elevated.The egg hatching period is 8d-14d,the period of live stage is related with temperature,the environmental humidity and soil.The larvae damage mainly occurred in the middle/last ten days of April,in accordance with bamboo-shoot flourishing period;the adult emerging in the soil and out of the land mostly in the middle ten days of May.It is influenced by the rainfall and the drop of the temperature evidently.Chiagosnius sulcicolis(Candeze) occurred one generation every 3-4years.The main biological characteristics of each stage were similar with Melanotus cribricollis(Faldermann).Otidognathus sp.occurred one generation each year,and lived over winter with adult,the emerge time was related tightly with soil and temperature.They mostly caused damage on bamboo shoot in the late period. Apamea kumaso(Sugi) occurred one generation every year,started to damage bamboo shoot in early April,and flourished from the middle ten days of April to the middle ten days of May.The larvae feed on bamboo shoots,moved up with the growth of the bamboo shoot, and pupated underground after matured.Aphids occurred many generations every year, mainly damage the bamboo leaf,but in recent years its damage of the bamboo shoot and influenced the development of bamboo leaves and twigs.3.The field tests of pesticides selection for control of Elateridae,Apamea kumaso(Sugi) and aphids were conducted.The results shows that when controlling larva of Elateridae with oil camellia clinker(OCC),the damage reduce rate in covered bamboo forest and normal bamboo forest reached 86%and 62%respectively;while used 3%Hudijin G,the larvae population would reduced 62%and 100%respectively.If used plant-origin and biology-origin bamboo-shoot organic fertilizers to control the Elateridae,population density reduce rate respectively reached 65.8%和76.1%,and revised effects were 57.2%and 70.1%,which are of applied value in the practice.The damage of Apamea kumaso(Sugi) can be effectively reduced by clearing damaged bamboo shoots and weeds in bamboo forest,the reduction rate of damaged plants can reach 70.1%and revised effect can be 68.2%.the control effect can be good if spray abamectin or smear stalk with Imidacloprid.Imidacloprid can also be used to spray for control aphids on the bamboo shoot.4.In conclusion,the major techniques of pest control including natural enemy protection,keeping pest in low density;take culture measures,such as enhance the management of the bamboo forest,plough over soils deeply,clearing up damaged bamboo-shoot and weeds,use cover technique in turn;physical measures like light trapping. Chemical control can be used when pest population heavily increased,and low toxic pesticides or bio-pesticides can be used.According to the practice,A calendar for pest control in bamboo-shoot period was made.更多还原