【作者】 王红岩；

【导师】 张森林；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 俄国十月革命胜利后,世界上出现了第一个社会主义制度的国家。社会主义从理论到实践的飞跃彻底改变了以一种剥削制度代替另一种剥削制度的社会变革方式,是人类社会发展史上的一次重大变革,对人类社会发展产生了深远影响。马克思恩格斯在科学社会主义理论中,未明确指出在经济文化相对落后国家里如何向社会主义过渡、如何建设社会主义的方法原则。苏维埃俄国作为经济文化相对落后国家如何建设社会主义,既没有现成的理论答案可以遵循,也没有任何实际经验可以借鉴。以列宁为首的布尔什维克党只能从本国实际出发,摸索社会主义建设的路子和经验,完善和发展社会主义建设的理论。苏维埃政权的建立,引起了西方资产阶级和本国地主、资本家阶级以及反革命党派势力的仇视和不满,苏维埃政权面临外国武装干涉和国内反革命叛乱的双重威胁。针对这一紧迫情况,列宁采取了“战时共产主义”政策。一方面可以有效地集中全国的力量战胜帝国主义的入侵和镇压国内反革命叛乱。另一方面为俄国提供从资本主义向社会主义“直接过渡”的途径。“战时共产主义”政策的实施确实起到了保卫苏维埃政权的作用,但作为向社会主义过渡的道路却是不成功的,严重损害了广大农民的利益,阻碍了国家经济的发展,影响了工农联盟的巩固。在战争结束后,面对当时的国内状况,列宁对“战时共产主义”政策进行了深刻反思,根据俄国国情创造性地提出了新经济政策。新经济政策的实施,极大地调动了劳动者特别是广大农民的生产积极性,有效改变了国内的不满情绪,巩固了工农联盟,迅速恢复了国内经济的发展。新经济政策是科学社会主义理论的重大发展,是对马克思辩证唯物主义哲学的灵活运用,为世界上其他国家发展社会主义提供了有益借鉴,具有深远的历史价值。我国在发展社会主义过程中,同样经历了艰难曲折的探索过程,新经济政策为我国建设社会主义提供了启示借鉴。邓小平曾经积极评价了列宁的新经济政策,他说:“社会主义究竟是个什么样子,苏联搞了很多年,也没有完全搞清楚。可能列宁的思路比较好,搞了个新经济政策,但是后来苏联的模式僵化了。”十一届三中全会以后,邓小平积极借鉴了列宁探索社会主义发展的有益成果,解放思想,实事求是,推进改革开放,建立和完善了社会主义市场经济体系,促进了我国经济的迅速发展,使我国走上了中国特色社会主义的伟大道路。更多还原

【Abstract】 After Russian October Revolution victory, the first socialist system countries have appeared in the world. That the socialism has changed the changes in society way replace another a kind of to exploit system with one kind of exploitation system from theory to the leap putting into practice completely, has been that the upper once of human being history of development of society is significant transform , has produced far-reaching effect to human being social development. Engels is hit by Max in scientific socialism theory , has not made clear that to point out method principle building a socialism relatively how in the backward nation to socialism transition in economy culture. How the relative as economy culture Russia backward nation of Soviet builds a socialism , abide by now that not ready-made theory answer is not bad, neither have any practical experience being able to draw lessons. Bolshevik Party with Lenine as the leader can only proceed from the actual situation from in the homeland , try to find out socialist construction way and experience , perfect and develop the socialist construction theory.Building-up of regime of Soviet, has aroused the west bourgeoisie and the homeland landlord , capitalist class has discontented as well as counterrevolution or counterrevolutionary party groupings influence regarding as an enemy draws, doubleness being confronted with foreign armed intervention and in the homeland counterrevolution or counterrevolutionary armed rebellion threatens the regime of Soviet. One is urgent specifically for this condition, Lenine has adopted "wartime communism " policy. One aspect can concentrate the countrywide strength effectively defeating the imperialism invasion and putting down the in the homeland counterrevolution or counterrevolutionary armed rebellion. Another aspect is the approach that Russia provides to "direct transition of socialism" from capitalism. But that "wartime communism " policy putting into effect plays have arrived at defend the regime of Soviet’s role indeed, is the road to socialism transition but is unsuccessful, graveness has damaged extensive farmers’ interests , has blocked development of national economic development, consolidation having affected the alliance of workers and peasants’s. In the homeland ending the queen , facing that time in war situation, Lenine has rethought "wartime communism " policy deep, according to Russia national conditions creativeness the field has brought forward New Economic Policy. The New Economic Policy putting into effect , enthusiasm for production of especially extensive peasant having moved labourer tremendously, have had an effect to have changed the domestic grudge , have consolidated the alliance of workers and peasants , prompt development of the economy having restored in the homeland.New Economic Policy is that scientific socialism theory significance develops, be to that Max dialectical materialism philosophy flexible application, be that the country develops a socialism in the world other provide have benefit to draw lessons , have far-reaching history value. Process is hit by our country in developing a socialism , same have experienced exploration process arduous and tortuous, New Economic Policy draws lessons for our country construction socialism has provided an enlightenment. Deng Xiaoping has estimated that Leninist New Economic Policy , he say once actively: The "socialism is after all what appearance, Soviet Union has been engaged in many years , has not also beat out completely. But the Leninist train of thought has finished comparing possibility , has been engaged in New Economic Policy, the Soviet pattern has become rigid afterwards". After the eleven three is hit by a plenary meeting, Deng Xiaoping has used beneficial achievement , the reform and openness emancipating the mind , basing on facts , moving forward that the Lenine exploration socialism develops for reference actively , having built and having perfected the socialism marketplace economic setup, has boosted our country economy promptness developing , made our country the great road having mounted socialism with Chinese characteristics leak.更多还原