【作者】 李楠；

【导师】 李玉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 植物病理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 黑木耳是一种食、药兼用的食用菌,无论是营养价值还是药用价值都很高。因而美食、保健、医药界都对其表现出极大的兴趣和关注。目前黑木耳市场价格较高,因此推广栽培黑木耳具有较高的经济价值。全日光喷雾栽培是吉林省普遍采用的栽培模式,而此项栽培模式的技术指标还不够完善,少见试验数据和理论上的支持,因此在栽培中一直存在着生物学效率低下、产量不稳定的缺陷。本试验针对目前黑木耳栽培中存在的问题,结合吉林省东部地区资源及气候特点,系统地对黑木耳栽培工艺、营养物质的利用、胞外酶活性变化规律、真菌病害调查及其子实体中金属含量进行研究,为黑木耳在吉林省的标准化栽培及推广提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:（1）以黑木耳“专家大院18号”菌株为试样,研究了代用料栽培黑木耳关键技术。试验结果表明:代用料栽培黑木耳采用17cm×33cm聚丙烯塑料袋,菌袋装料量以800g较为适宜,装料过多或过少,生物学效率均下降;代用料栽培黑木耳在春季气温稳定在13℃进行下地栽培,污染率低,产量高;菌丝体培育阶段,应遵循“前高后低”的原则,萌发定植期温度应控制在28℃,封面期:温度控制在25℃,快速生长期温度控制在20℃,这样有利于培养健壮的菌丝,增强抗性和提高产量;田间管理阶段的水分控制,采用间歇供水,每天早晚各浇三次水,每次30min,喷水时间间隔为10～20min,这样有利于耳片吸水,保持细胞中水分的平衡和营养物质的吸收;田间管理阶段的光照控制,在全光栽培条件下,光照有利于耳片色素的形成,增强品质。（2）在黑木耳的最佳栽培条件下（菌袋装料量800g,栽培时间4月20日,菌丝培养温度20℃,水分控制处理T₄,光照控制处理I）,研究了营养物质的利用规律和胞外酶活性的变化。试验结果表明:菌丝生长阶段主要以非木质纤维素和木质素作为重要的营养源,而进入子实体阶段则主要分解纤维素和半纤维素;黑木耳菌丝分泌的胞外酶活性在其生长发育的各阶段表现出一定差异,但酶活性变化的总体趋势基本相同,随着黑木耳子实体的生长发育,纤维素酶（CMC酶和FP酶）和半纤维素酶的活性逐渐增加,在子实体成熟时均达到最大值,子实体采收后活性迅速下降。木质素酶（过氧化物酶、漆酶、多酚氧化酶）和淀粉酶活性在菌丝生长阶段较高,随着栽培时间的延长,酶活性逐渐下降。蛋白酶在菌丝生长阶段变化不明显,到子实体分化时活性上升。（3）在黑木耳的栽培过程中,对主要的污染真菌进行了调查。试验结果表明:在吉林黄松甸,污染真菌有木霉属（Trichoderma spp.）、脉孢霉属（Neurospora spp.）、青霉属（Penicillium spp.）、曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）、链格孢霉属（Alternaria spp.）、毛霉属（Mucorspp.）等6个属的真菌,其中木霉、脉孢霉、青霉和曲霉的平均分离频率分别为71.68%、（4）黑木耳中八种金属元素含量测定。试验结果表明:八种矿质元素含量总体情况是Ca>Fe>Zn>Cu>As>Pd>Cd>Hg。只有大量元素Fe超过国家食品（蔬菜）卫生限量标准中的规定,而其他6种重金属均未超标,食用安全。更多还原

【Abstract】 Auricularia auricula is a kind of edible and medicinal mushroom,and it has higher nutritional value and medicinal value.Therefore A.auricula is being payed the enormous interest and the attention by scientists of the beautiful food,the health care,the medical area because of its significant health protection functions.At present,the market price is high;therefore,the promoted cultivation A auricula has the high economic value. However,because of mushroom farmer understanding insufficient to its cultivation techniques and A auricula quite strict request to environmental conditions,therefore,defects of low biological efficiency and output has had existed.In this experiment,according to the existed problems in the cultivation,on the basis of the resources and the climate characteristic of the Jilin Province eastern area,studies on the cultivation techniques, the law of utilization nutritional components,the changes of extracellular enzyme’s activity,the survey of fungal contamination and metal content.This study aims to provide the basis for cultivation and popularization in Jilin province.The results showed as follows:(1) The key techniques for A.auricula using substitute were research.The results showed that the optimal compost capacity of medium was 800g using plastic bags of Polypropylene(17cm×33cm),the compost capacity more or less,the biological efficiency could be down;the optimal time of cultivation was from late April to early May at 13℃,the contaminate rate was lower and the production was higher;Culturing mycelium grew strongly when temperature was 26℃-28℃at early days,23℃at medium term and 20℃at later days,in this condition,its disease resistance and production were enhanced.The optimal water condition was intermittent water supply,3 times every day,30 minutes every time,partition 10-20 minutes,dry-wet alternation;the optimal light condition was full light.(2) The law of utilization nutritional components and the changes of extracellular enzyme’s activity were studied on the process of cultivation.The results showed that A.aurucula degraded non-lignocellulose and lignin as major nutrient source at the stage of mycelium development and mainly cellulose and the hemicellulose at the stage of fruitbodies formation.The rate of decomposition in fruitbodies formation stage was higher than that in mycelium growth stage.The activities of extracellular enzymes had some differences; however the overall tendancy of changing was alike.Along with the growth of the A.aurucula,the activity of CMCase,FPase and HCase increased gradually.They reached the peak when the the fruitbodies became mature and the lowest point after harvest.Activity of lignin enzyme and amylase decreased at the mycelium growth stage.Proteinase activity did not change significantly at the mycelium growth stage,but in the fruitbodies formation period,its increased.(3) On the process of cultivation,the substrate fungal contamination was researched.The contaminative fungi were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of A.aurucula.The results of identification showed that in the substrate cultivation of A.auricula,the contaminative fungi were Trichoderma spp.,Neurospora spp.,Penicillium spp.,Aspergillus spp.,Alternaria spp.,Mucor spp.as well as some unidentified fungi,the predominant contaminative fungi were Trichoderma spp.,Neurospora spp., Penicillium spp.and Aspergillus spp.,their isolation frequencies were 71.68%,12.51%,5.45%and 2.97% respectively.(4) Eight kinds of metal elements content were determined from fruitbodies of A.auricula.The results showed that the overall situation of eight kinds of mineral element content was Ca＞Fe＞Zn＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cd＞Hg.Only major element Fe surpassed limited standard of national food(vegetables) the health,other 6 kinds of heavy metals didn’t exceed the limited standard,so it was safe to edible.更多还原