猜谜作业中低质量提示信息促发顿悟产生的ERP研究

【作者】 马长燕；

【导师】 张钦；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 有关问题解决过程中顿悟的大脑机制的研究,在当今的心理学界尚属较新的研究领域。顿悟研究的实验范式和实验材料都有待完善,对于顿悟认知机制的认识也一直未能达成共识。本研究采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探索问题解决过程中顿悟的神经机制。以一般谜语和“啊哈”谜语作为研究顿悟的实验材料,以猜谜作业中呈现低质量提示信息促发顿悟产生的方式作为实验程序,对“有顿悟”、“无顿悟”和“非顿悟”三种反应类型的操作化含义做了区分。对三种反应类型的提示信息引发的脑电分别进行叠加和平均,发现三种反应类型在300～400ms内均诱发出一个类似N2的负成分,在380～480ms内诱发出一个类似P300的正成分,以及在480～700ms内诱发出一个晚期正成分;并且“有/无顿悟”之间在三个时段上,前、后脑区均差异显著;“有/非顿悟”之间在300～400ms和480～700ms两个时段上,在前部脑区差异显著:而“无/非顿悟”之间在300～400ms和380～480ms两个时段上差异显著。研究发现,“有/无顿悟”之间的显著差异,主要决定于是否存在产生突破心理定势时的认知冲突;是否调动长时记忆存储中的信息获得并确认答案,从而更新工作记忆的表征:以及是否建立新异的“任务相关联系”。“有/非顿悟”之间显著差异决定于在刺激锁定的时间点上是否建立了新异的“任务相关联系”。“无/非顿悟”之间的显著差异决定于是否基于长时记忆存储中的信息获得了答案,获得了对谜语理解的确认,从而更新了工作记忆的表征。同时也发现,顿悟不是一个单纯的认知心理过程,而是一种融合了注意与记忆等心理活动的复合认知加工过程。作为一个双刺激实验设计,正确答案呈现阶段的结果与前人研究基本一致。刺激呈现后的300～400ms内,脑前部两种反应类型诱发出明显的N2成分,脑后部两种反应类型差异显著,且“有顿悟”比“非顿悟”更负。最后前后脑区都诱发出一个晚期正成分,潜伏期分别为450～1000ms和600～900ms,体现了建立任务相关的新异联系和对未预期到的答案的敏感反应。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays,the study of the neural mechanism of insight in problem solving is still relative new in psychology.In this field,the experimental paradigms and materials still need to be refined,and there is yet no consensus about the understanding of the cognitive mechanism of insight.In the present research,high-density event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded to examine the electrophysiologic correlates of insight problem solving.One hundred forty interesting Chinese riddles(half common riddles and half ’Aha’ riddles)were adopted as materials,the experiment process is to show subjects low quality prompt cues to prime insight,and the operational concepts of response styles were differentiated between ’insight’,’non-insight’ and ’no insight’.In the analysis of the EEG wave of three type of responses, the waves were overlapped and averaged,all of the three types response induced a N2 negative component between 300～400ms,and a P300 positive component between 380～480ms,and a later positive component between 480～700ms;there are significant difference between the three time windows of ’insight/no-insight’ response in fore and hind brain;there is significant difference between the ’insight/non-insight’ response in 300～400ms and 380～480ms time window.Research showed that the difference between ’insight/non-insight’ mainly determined by whether embodies cognitive conflict in breaking a mental set;whether the information was retrieved from long-term memory to verify the answers,and to update the working memory representation;and whether new ’task related association’ was established.The significant difference between ’insight/non-insight’ was determined by whether the answer was based on information retrieved from long-term memory,verification of the understanding of riddles,and updating the working memory representation.It also showed that,insight was not a pure cognitive psychological process,but a compound cognitive process that fused with attention and memory activities.This study is a double stimuli experiment,the results in the stage of correct answer presenting was in line with former studies.300～400ms after the presentation of the stimuli,obvious N2 components were induced in the anterior by two types of response,and significant difference in the posterior between two types of response,and the ’insight’ response was more negative than the ’non-insight’ ones.There were also latter positive components in anterior and posterior in the latency of 450～1000ms and 600～900ms,which meant the sensitivity to the task related strange association and the unexpected answer relationship.更多还原