侯马盟书异写字及异构字研究

【作者】 张锋；

【导师】 阚景忠；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 侯马盟书是战国时用毛笔书写的古文字,是篇章完整的古人手书真迹,它的发现为研究战国文字提供了可靠的资料,具有重要的研究价值。我们知道,战国文字较为显著的一个特征就是文字异形现象严重,而侯马盟书的文字异形现象尤为突出。我们以侯马盟书(以下简称盟书)的异写字及异构字为研究对象。工作重点在于,总结盟书异写字及异构字的特征,探讨其成因,通过与隶书文字的比较研究,来阐释盟书文字对于早期隶变产生的影响。同时,希望为现代异体字的整理提供一些理论参考。我们以王宁先生的汉字构形理论为基础,以其异写字及异构字理论为指导,以“侯马盟书字表”作为材料来源,来理清盟书中异写字和异构字的字际关系,并加以研究。传统的文字学观点对异写字和异构字并不作区分,通称为异体字。而我们采用王宁先生的观点,将异体字分为异写字和异构字两种类型,我们所说的异写字,是职能相同的同一个字,因书写变异而形成的异形,如由笔画的曲直、笔画的交叉等差异形成的字体;而异构字是指形体构成不同,但记词功能及音义完全相同的一组字,相当于传统意义上的异体字。我们以文字形体对汉字构意的破坏与否作为标准,共整理出153组异写字、34组异构字,并对分组后的异写字及异构字内部进行具体的分类划别,进而分析归纳出侯马盟书文字异形的内部因素和外部原因。我们认为,影响侯马盟书异写字及异构字形成的文字系统内部因素主要有:笔画的增省与变异;构件的增省;构件的混写;构件的换用;构件的易置、反写;书写形态的差异等等。另外,通假的泛用也是侯马盟书异形现象严重的一个重要原因。侯马盟书中存有大量异写字及异构字的外部因素则有:经济发展及教育制度变革、社会制度变更及会盟频繁;晋文化的特点;书写者及其书写风格;书写的方法、材料与工具等等。最后,我们将盟书文字与隶书形体进行比较,认为盟书文字存在早期隶变的痕迹,并对早期隶变产生了一定的影响,主要表现为两个方面:一是出现了一些与隶书写法相似的个体字符;二是在文字结构上出现了隶变的痕迹,很多字体的简写改变了原来的文字结构,部分字体则将圆转线条分解为方折线条的笔势。论文的结构为:第一部分为前言,主要介绍对于文字材料的选择和研究方法;第二部分为异写字和异构字的分类整理,主要介绍异写字和异构字的界定及分类标准;第三部分主要讨论侯马盟书异写字与异构字的原因研究,分字内因素和字外因素两个方面进行讨论;第四部分,将盟书文字与隶书的形体进行比较,具体讨论盟书文字早期隶变的表现及其产生的影响;第五部分总结全文。更多还原

【Abstract】 Houmamengshu is ancient writing which is written by the ancients with brush pen in the warning states period.Its finding provides reliable information for the research of character in the warring states period and have important research value.It is known that the serious phenomenon of character profiled is a significant feature of characters in the warning states period while character profile phenomenon is particularly outstanding.This thesis takes the differential mode characters and isomeric characters of houmamengshu as research object (hereinafter using abbreviation mengshu).The focus of this paper is summarizing the feature of differential mode characters and isomeric characters of mengshu,discussing the cause and illustrating the effects of early change of lishu in hoping to provide some theory reference for the finishing for the modern variant character.We better the relationship between differential mode characters and isomeric characters and study on the foundation of Wangning’s topography theory of Chinese character,guided by differential mode character and isomeric characters theory and take character table of houmamengshu as material source.The traditional linguistics viewpoints have no distinguish between differential mode characters and isomeric characters while the general term of them is variant.We adopt wangning’s viewpoint and divide the variant into differential mode character and isomeric character.The so-called differential mode characters are those have the same function while their writing methods are different.Isomeric characters are those have different cube design but have the same remembering and Yinyi function.We set whether the characters writing form destroy the character Gouyi as standard and collect 153 groups of differential mode characters and 33 groups of isomeric characters and make concrete classification about the inner differential mode characters and isomeric characters to categorize the inner factors and external reasons of houmamengshu’s character comfiles.We think that the inner factors of character system which effect differential mode characters and isomeric characters in houmamengshu are as follows:the fluctuation of stroke and Bianbi;the fluctuation of component;the mixed writing of component;the shifted and counter-write of component;the difference of writing morphology and so on.In addition to,the abuse of Tongjia is an important reason of serious phenomenon of character compiles in youmanengshu.The external factors why there were so many differential mode characters and isomeric characters in houmamengshu are economic development and education system reform,social system change and community frequent,the effect of Jin culture to the differential mode characters and isomeric characters;writer and write style;write method, materials and tool and so on.In the end,through the comparison between mengshu characters effects to early Libian to some extend which manifested mainly as follows:the first is that some individual frame symbol similar with Lishu’s writing method appeared;the second is that there exists trace of Libian in character structure,many font’s abbreviation change the character structure before,some characters tend to decompose the circle line into square-turned line.The structure of thesis are as follows:Section one is the introduction which briefly introduce the selection and research method about the written material;Section two are the taxonomic revision of the differential mode characters and isomeric characters and the introduction of the definition and classification standard of them;Section three is the discussion of the reason studying which divided into the character factor and factors beyond characters; Section four is the comparison of the mengshu character and lishu character especially discuss the performance and effects of early change about lishu.Section five is summarizing of the full thesis.更多还原