【作者】 孙莉；

【导师】 赵言文；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 生物种质资源是以物种为单元的遗传多样性资源,是维持人类生存,维护国家生态安全的物质基础,国际社会已将对生物种质资源的占有情况作为衡量一个国家国力的重要指标之一。从某种意义上说,一个物种影响国家资源的兴衰,一个基因决定一个产业的成败。畜禽遗传资源作为生物种质资源的重要组成部分,是同人类关系最为密切、最为直接的部分,也是在某种社会经济、技术背景下能满足社会物质、文化需求的遗传性变异。目前,在多数发达国家里,大量饲养的只是少数经济价值高的品种和杂交种,品种数目在迅速减少;在一些发展中国家里,由于保种不当和盲目引进外来品种杂交,使原有的地方品种的数量大大减少。我国71%的猪、44%的马驴、34%的牛、20%的家禽、15%的绵山羊种质资源受到不同程度的威胁。改革开放以来,我省一些地区、一些部门热衷于少数高产、通用畜禽品种的普及与推广,而对地方品种的重要性认识不足,加之环境恶化,致使全省地方畜禽遗传资源分布范围缩小,数量急剧下降,有些甚至濒临灭绝,并且对我省畜禽品种资源调查及品种特性评估不足,许多高产优质的遗传资源未被认识、未被重视。故急需开展对我省畜禽品种资源品种特性评估工作,以利于更加合理地利用资源。针对上述情况,本文对江苏省不同畜禽品种采取重点调查和一般性调查两种不同的方式,基本摸清我省畜禽遗传资源数量、分布、保种状况,并与80年代畜禽遗传资源状况进行对比。并运用畜种保存100年的近交系数和群体有效规模确定江苏省地方家畜品种受胁程度。结果表明:与80年代相比,我省畜禽遗传资源总体状况良好,培育品种与引进品种现已成为我省畜牧业生产的主力军,但地方品种形势严峻,普遍存在分布范围缩小、数量下降、保种场数量骤减等问题。地方猪种中,横泾猪现已灭绝;沙乌头猪受严重威胁,应该进行紧急保护;枫泾猪、灶猪受威胁,必须采取相应措施进行保护;中梅山猪、东串猪、姜曲海猪受最低威胁,需视具体情况进行必要的保护;山猪、二花脸猪受潜在威胁;淮北猪、小梅山猪、米猪及其它畜种则处于安全状况。同时探讨影响我省畜禽遗传资源变动的原因,主要有无计划的引种杂交、地方品种饲养率下降、农业耕作方式变化、栖息地受到冲击4个方面。评价畜禽遗传资源对我省社会经济的影响和作用,可以分为满足人类生存需求、促进畜产品生产及其相关产业的发展、选育良种的重要基因库、科学价值、弘扬社会文化5个部分。提出保护江苏省畜禽遗传资源的合理化建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The germ plasm was the physical base of national zoologic safety and human survival. The amount of species was one of the guide lines by which international scale comprehensive national strength. The species could affect national resource. The gene decide industry. The domestic animals was the important portion of the germ plasm which contacted human close and it could fill the social demand.In developed countries, there were mass of economic breeds and mules. The amount of breeds reduced quickly. In some developeing countries, due to impertinent protection, the amount of domestic breeds reduced quickly. In china, 71 percent of pig, 44 percent of horse, 34 percent of cattle, 20 percent of poultry and 15 percent of sheep were intimidated. In jiangsu province along with reformation, in some areas, a number of departments fall over oneself for the foreign breeds, and neglected the domestic breed. The distribution of domestic breed minished and the number of them reduced, some of them die out gradually. There was a few of fruit about inquiry and estimate, so a lot of excellent breeds were not investigated. It was imperative to evaluate the breeds in jiangsu province, so as to use the breeds rationally.The status quo of domestic animals in jiangsu province were analyzed in this paper, for example, the number, the distributing and the protection. Genetic resource of domestic animal in jiangsu province were contrast to the status quo of domestic animals in 80s years so as to ravel the change of domestic animal in jiangsu province in twenty years. The domestic animal were analyzed with the indexes of the threatened situation according to the amphimixis index in one hundred years and the impactful number..The result showed that the state of domestic animal in jiangsu province were all right, the cultivated breeds and the imported breeds were main part of the stock raising, but the estate of the autochthonous breeds was austere. The number of the autochthonous breeds was degressive and the distributing of them was cutdown. In the breeds of swine, the Hengjing swine was extinct. The Shawutou swine was seriously endangered and should be protected urgently. The Fengjing swine and Zao swine were endangered and should be protected by relevant measure. The Zhongmeishan swine, Dongchuang swine and Jiangquhai swine were endangered lightly and should be protected according to the position. The Shan swine and Erhualian swine were endangered potentially. The Huaibei swine, Xiaomeishan swine, Mi swine and the others were safe. In this article the factors which resulted in the changes of domestic animals in jiangsu province and the influences which domestic animals acted on jiangsu province were bring forward, which devided into intercross tangliy, the decline of the domestic animals, the change of farming and the concussion on habitat. The infection of domestic animal on jiangsu province was bring forward which involved fulfilled human survival, gene repertory, farming and the correlative industries, scientific research and social culture, furthermore , the suggestions of genetic resource of domestic animals’s conservation were pointed out.更多还原