西汉“武昭宣元”时期人名研究

【作者】 闫华军；

【导师】 周天游；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 古代史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 姓名是人类社会最普遍的文化现象,是人们区别于他人并带有一定社会内涵的特定的文化符号。因此,姓名是识别社会成员的重要标志,是民族文化的极重要的组成部分,在一定程度上反映了人们的价值观取向,值得我们进行深入探讨。汉代人名研究不仅是汉代社会思想史研究的基点,而且是中国思想史研究乃至中国史研究中不可回避的课题之一。本文从人名反映思想这一社会层面,通过对“武昭宣元”时期的人名分类排比分析,初步描绘出“武昭宣元”时期社会思想的转变轨迹。全文共分为四部分:第一部分:受黄老养生思想影响的人名。黄老思想在汉初盛行五六十年,其“长生久视”的人生观,在西汉人的社会生活中有很深的影响。延年、长年、万年、年、延寿、益寿、增寿、寿王、寿、彭祖、千秋、万岁、未央、终古、安期、增纪等“延年益寿”名,以及毋伤、毋害、毋忧、不害、去病、弃疾、病已、何伤等“速差苦病”名大量出现,是这一影响的自然结果。这类名字在“武昭宣”尤其武帝时期集中涌现,证明了黄老思想并没有伴随着“独尊儒术”的实施而销声匿迹,至少在武帝时期它对人们的社会生活还有相当重要的影响。第二部分:尚功利主义之名。西汉人继承了先秦人的尚武之风气,加之武帝时期外征四夷以及在此过程中涌现出一大批平民军功侯,使得这一风气更加浓郁。因此,武、涌、霸、胜等“尚武”名便应运而生。同时广国、定国、安国、充国、广汉、定汉、破胡、灭胡、胜胡等与外征四夷密切相关“开疆拓土”名,以及公、卿、君、翁等称谓美辞字也在武帝时期风靡一时。这几类名字在本质上都体现了一种功利主义倾向,因此武帝时期,功利主义在当时的社会生活是一种不可忽视的社会思想。第三部分:儒家思想影响下的人名。武帝“独尊儒术”,设立儒学博士并置弟子员,从此儒学发展迅速。时至元帝时期,儒学不仅在政治生活中,而且在社会生活中也取得了压倒黄老思想和功利主义的绝对优势。尧、舜、禹、汤等先圣名;商、赐、偃、由、回、参、假、子夏、子游、子思、子张、子赣、子高等贤徒名;以及忠、仁、恭、钦、恽、博、咸等伦理道德名在这一时期大量涌现,而受黄老思想和功利主义的人名明显减少。从社会生活的层面,证明儒学在人们社会生活中逐渐取得了主导地位。结合儒学在政治领域的备受尊崇,可知元帝时期儒学不仅在政治领域而且在社会生活中都占据了主导地位,即元帝时期儒学才真正处于名副其实的“独尊”地位。第四部分:结语。在微观研究的基础上进行宏观分析,并继而指出,从人名的价值取向来看,尽管武帝时就“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,但直到元帝时期儒学才在政治和社会生活等领域获得实质上的独尊地位。本文的创新之处,主要是采用微观与宏观相结合的方法研究西汉人名及其思想文化背景,认为人名与当时的政治环境和社会思潮有密切的关系,认为儒学地位的真正确立在元帝时期,并对中国两千多年封建社会的政治、经济、文化和社会生活等诸多方面产生了深远的影响,至今在我们的日常生活中或多或少还有儒学影响的痕迹。更多还原

【Abstract】 The name is the most common cultural phenomenon of the human society, and specific cultural symbols with a certain social connotations, by which people are different from the others. Therefore, Names is an important sign to identify the members of the society and a very important component of the national culture. To a certain extent, reflecting the people’s values orientation, the name explore in greater depth. Research on this subject is not only the basis of ideology of the history of the Han Dynasty social thought, but also is one of the unavoided subjects on the Study of thought history,even the history of China.By the names reflecting the thinking of the social, through Categoring and Parallelism analysizing the names of the "Wu Zhao xuan yuan"period, this paper preliminarily describes the changing trajectory of the social thoughts during "Wu Zhaoxuan Yuan" period .This paper is divided into four parts:PartⅠ:Names influenced by the thoughts of Huang-lao(Huangdi and laozi).The thought of Huang-lao had been dominant for more than fifty years in Xihan Dynasty ,in which the value conception of "living forever" deeply influenced the people of xihan Dynasty. As the certainly result of the reflection, a lot of the names which reflected the thoughts of longevity,such as Yannian、Changnian、Wannian、Nian、Yanshou、Yishou、Zengshou、Shouwang、Pengzu、Qianqiu、Weiyang、Zonggu、Anqi、Zengji and so on, appeared in large numbers; Meanwhile,Wushang、Wuhai、Wuyou、Buhai、Qubing、Qiji、Bingyi、Heshang and so on,these " speedly disposable disease"names also emerged in a large scale. The focus on emerging of these names in the period of emperor wu proves that the thought of Huang-lao has not been disappeared with the implementation of "overwhelming Confucianism", at least in the period of Emperor wu, and that it still has very important impact in people’s social life.PartⅡ: Names under the impaction of utilitarian. The Wushu worship customs inherited Pre-Qin, In addition Wu Emperor’s openning up the frontier and in which process civilian military merit Marquis emerged in a large number together make the atmosphere even more rich. Therefore, "warlike" names such as Wu, Yong, Ba, Sheng emerged naturally and the names which closely related to the levy such as Guangguo,Dingguo,Anguo,Chongguo,Guanghan,Dinghan,Pohu,Miehu, Shenghu and the names such as Gong,Qing, Jun, Weng, Wang-sun , Gongzi are also popular during the Emperor wu. These three categories names are, in essence, reflects a tendency of utilitarianism. So we conclude that utilitarianism is a society thoughts which can not be ignored in the peoples’ social life of the period of Emperor Wu. PartⅢ: The names relectting the influence of Confucian thought. Emperor wu carry out the initiative of "overwhelming Confucianism," and set up Confucianism Dr.and disciples, thereafter Confucianism developped rapidly.Till Emperor Yuan period, Confucianism had been made an overwhelming and absoluted superiority to the thought of Huang-lao and utilitarian not only in the political life, but also in social life. Previous Saints’ names -Yao, Shun and Yu, Tang;The names of Confu’s talented apprentices such as Shang,Ci,Yan,You,Hui,JI, Zi Xia, Ziyou,Zisi,Zi Zhang,Zigan, zigao;as well as the names reflecting ethics such as Zhong, Ren,Gong,Qin,Hui,Bo,Xian appeared in large numbers in this period,however the names reflectting the thought of Huanglao and utilitarianism markedly decreased. This From the level of social life prove that Confucianism gradually achieved a dominant position in people’s social life. combined haighly respected position in the political field in the period of Emperor Yuan, Confucianism in the period of Emperor Yuan hold a dominant position not only in the social sphere but aslo in the social life , in other words,Confucian finally access the truly "overwhelming" status.PartⅣ: Summary. The papers conducted macro analysis on the basis of the micro study, pointing out that from the value orientation of the names, although "oust 100, the overwhelming Confucianism" was established atThe period of Emperor Wu, until the period of Yuandi Confucianism access to The overwhelming and essential status in the political as well as social life areasThe innovation points of this paper, mainly using the method of microscopic and macroscopic unifies to study the personal names of Western Han Dynasty and the thought cultural context, and concludes that the personal names have the close relationship with the political context and the social ideological trend then, that Confucianism status truely established in the period of Emperor Yuan, which has had the profound influence to the politics, the economy, the culture and social life and many other aspects of China more than 2000 year feudal society, and that until now in ours daily life more or less there still is the trace affected by Confucianism.更多还原