改革开放以来中国共产党对“三农”问题的探索及历史启示

【作者】 李海霞；

【导师】 成希斌；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 我国的“三农”问题由来已久,“三农”问题的成型有其历史的和现实的因素,同样也有不可回避的政策因素。建国以来,尤其是在改革开放三十年以来,我们党为解决“三农”问题进行了长期的、艰辛的探索和实践,取得了令世人瞩目的成就,积累了许多宝贵的经验,同时也遭遇了一些挫折,出现了不少失误,给我们留下了沉痛的历史教训。改革开放三十年中,农村是我们改革的先行者,农民为社会主义现代化建设做出了巨大的贡献,然而统观全局,目前困难最大、生活最苦的主要还是一部分农民!新一届中央领导集体把“三农”问题放到了一个新的高度:指出解决“三农”问题要作为全党工作的重中之重。也有学者呼吁:“三农”问题解决之日,便是我国现代化实现之时。而且越来越多的人认识到:全面建设小康社会、构建社会主义和谐社会的关键是攻克“三农”问题。可见“三农”问题不仅仅是我们治国的热点问题,也是一个社会热点问题。笔者选择这个题目,尝试着把历史与现实结合起来,对这一问题进行系统梳理,企盼更多的人关注重视,为“三农”问题的解决尽自己的责任。全文共分四个部分:在第一部分绪论中,主要从宏观的角度阐明了“三农”问题的提出,还对选择“改革开放以来”这一时段做了必要说明,并明确提出了本文的选题意义和论文的研究方法。文章第二部分以时间为序,首先简要回顾了改革开放以前党对于“三农”问题的探索,客观的陈述了这一时期党解决“三农”问题的有效的和有误的政策措施。然后重点阐述了改革开放以来党对“三农”问题的探索历程,主要分为三个阶段:第一是农村改革的起步阶段;第二是探索“三农”问题稳步发展阶段;第三是探索“三农”问题的快速推进阶段。虽然各个阶段对于“三农”问题的探索侧重不同,但对“三农”问题的重视程度却不相上下。第三部分对改革开放以来党探索“三农”问题的成就与经验作了比较客观的评价,分别分析了取得的成就及经验,还有目前“三农”存在的问题以及“三农”问题依然存在,并且成为重大的政治问题、社会问题和不容忽视的现实问题的原因。文章总结了改革开放以来党探索“三农”问题取得的四方面的主要成就与经验;还从农业、农村和农民三个方面分别阐述了“三农”存在的问题,这部分的阐述相对详尽,比较有特色;并且尝试着从历史、现实及政策体制三个方面分析了“三农”问题依然存在的原因。第四部分主要总结三十年来党对“三农”问题的方针、政策得出的一些启示:就是要始终坚持实事求是和改革开放的路线;要始终如一的坚持农业的基础地位;把解决农民问题作为“三农”问题的中心;要保证党的“三农”政策的长期性与实施的实效性;用有效的手段保护农民对土地的使用、收益的权利。并且尝试性地提出了解决“三农”问题的对策,认为应该在科学发展观的指导下,把建设社会主义新农村作为我们当前及以后解决“三农”问题的有效措施,因此我们应该切实做好新农村建设的工作。“三农”问题既是一个历史问题,又是个现实问题;既是“三农”问题,又绝非仅“三农”问题;“三农”问题亦是重点、难点和焦点问题,是当前需要我们迫切解决的问题。我们要以史为鉴,吸取经验教训,在这几年取得丰硕成绩的基础上,力争用最短的时间、最有效的手段和最低的成本解决“三农”问题,建成社会主义新农村,实现农业的现代化!更多还原

【Abstract】 The traditional issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers faced by China arise from the historical and realistic factors as well as some unavoidable policy factors. Since the founding of New China, particularly in the recent three decades following the implementation of the reform and opening up, Chinese Communist Party has undergone a long-term and arduous exploration and practice to address these issues, accomplishing eye-catching achievements and accumulating a great wealth of valuable experience. However, during the process of exploration and practice, the Party suffered some setbacks and made a few mistakes and these bitter lessons available from history have sunk into our mind. During these three decades, as pioneers of the reform, the farmers have contributed a lot to the construction of socialist modernization. But when all the aspects are kept in view, the farmers are found to live the hardest life with the greatest difficulties. Therefore, the new collective leadership of the Party Central Committee has taken the issues facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers to a new level, pointing out that solving these issues is the top priority of the whole Party’s work. Besides, some scholars made an appeal that our modernization cannot be achieved until these issues have been settled. What’s more, more and more people have realized that overcoming these issues is crucial to build a well-off society in an all-round way and construct a socialist harmonious society. It is obvious that these issues have become the hot spots not only concerning managing state affairs, but also of society. With this title selected, the author attempts to combine the history with the reality and systematically sorts out these issues, hoping that more people will care about them and discharge their responsibilities for solving them.The thesis consists of four parts: in the exordium, the first part, the author elucidates the raising and systematization of the three rural-related issues at the macroscopic level, makes necessary illustrations on why to choose the period since the reform and opening up, and definitely expounds the meaning of the selected title as well as the research methods of the thesis.In the second part which is arranged in time sequence, the author first has a short view of the Party’s exploration on the issues relevant to agriculture, rural areas and farmers and objectively states the Party’s both effective and erroneous policies and measures for addressing the issues. Whereafter, the author highlights the Party’s exploration process which is composed of three stages: The first is the initial stage of the reform in rural areas; the second is the stage of smooth development of the exploration on the issues; the third is the stage of rapid improvement of the exploration on the issues. Although different stages lay different emphases on the issues, they have always put these issues on the same footing.In the third part, the author gives an objective appraisal of the experience and accomplishments acquired from the exploration on the issues by the CCP, and respectively analyzes the experience and achievements, the existing problems related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers as well as the reasons why some outstanding political, social and current problems all can be attributed to the three-rural issues. This part sums up the main experience and achievements acquired by the CCP on the issues from four aspects, elaborates the existing problems of the "agriculture-country-peasant issue" and analyzes the reasons why the issues still exist from three aspects including history, reality, policy and system.The lessons, summed up in the fourth part, are drawn from the Party’s guidelines and policies to deal with the issues. They are adhering to the reform and opening up as well as the ideological line of seeking truth from the facts; consistently strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy; taking the problems with regard to farmers as the core of the three agricultural issues; adopting effective measures to protect farmers’ right to use, occupy and benefit from the land. Besides, the Party, holding that building a new socialist countryside under the conduct of the scientific development concept is the effective measure for us to address the issues at present and in the future, has tried to propose the countermeasures, thus we should make substantial efforts to promote the building in that regard.The issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers are related to history as well as to reality. With notable impact on a crop of aspects such as politics and society, they are not only rural-related. What’s more, they, as the key and difficult points as well as the focus, call for immediate solution. Therefore, we should extract lessons from history, try to solve the issues with the shortest time, the most effective measures and the lowest cost on the basis of the fruitful outcomes achieved already, build a new socialist countryside and realize the agricultural modernization.更多还原