【作者】 李新刚；

【导师】 王笑冰；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 民商法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 隐私权的确立和发展是人类文明进步的重要标志。但是,法律对隐私权的重视,并不意味着隐私权是无限的,适当地限制隐私权,对于协调公共利益与个人利益的关系,减少隐私权与其他权利间的冲突,都具有十分重要的意义。本文共分五部分:第一,隐私权限制的必要性;第二,隐私权限制的原则;第三,公职人员的隐私权限制;第四,公众人物的隐私权限制;第五,我国隐私权限制的立法与实践。各部分主要内容如下:一、隐私权限制的必要性。隐私权限制的必要性体现在以下五个方面:(一)社会交往的需要。基于人与人之间交往的需要,我们必须让他人了解自己的有关信息,对隐私权极度主张,会妨碍社会正常的交流和互动。(二)维护公共利益和满足公众合理兴趣的需要。当个人隐私利益与公共利益或者公众的合理兴趣发生矛盾时,为了保障公共利益或满足公众合理兴趣,隐私权要受到一定程度的限制。(三)保障舆论监督权和公民知情权的需要。(四)维护隐私权人本人利益的需要。(五)自助与自卫的需要。二、隐私权限制的原则。(一)价值衡量原则。法律确认和保护的权利背后是一个具有内在联系的价值序列,当隐私权与其他权利体现的价值发生冲突时,应当按照价值位阶确定哪一种价值需要得到优先保护。(二)利益平衡原则。不同的权利体现了不同的利益要求,不同的利益之间会存在冲突,从而导致了权利的冲突。因此对隐私权的限制,在实践中表现为隐私权与其他相关权利或权力所体现的不同利益的平衡问题。利益平衡的情况包括以下几种:1、公共利益优于个人利益;2、隐私利益与公序良俗、公众兴趣所体现的利益之间的平衡;3、隐私利益与新闻媒体利益的平衡:4、隐私利益与其他公民或组织的知情权益的平衡。三、公职人员的隐私权限制。公职人员由于掌握一定的权力,其行为与公共利益密切相关,他们的隐私权与其职务要求和廉政义务存在一定冲突,因此应当受到必要的限制。公职人员人事档案信息应当公开;公职人员私生活自由要受到必要的限制,他们遵守公共道德的情况也有较普通公民更高的要求;公职人员的财产状况和其他重大事项应当申报和公开。四、公众人物的隐私权限制。公众人物所从事的活动一般都与社会公共生活有关,构成了社会公共生活的一部分,对公众人物的隐私权应当进行必要的限制。限制其隐私权首先要把握三个原则:个人私生活免受过度干扰的原则、满足公众正当兴趣与维护公众人物人格尊严相协调原则、实质恶意原则;其次要明确公众人物隐私权的限定范围。五、我国隐私权限制的立法与实践。我国隐私权限制的立法与实践处于相对落后的状态。缺乏对隐私权保护与限制的基本法律规定;对公职人员的隐私权限制有少量规定,但是很不健全;对于公众人物隐私权限制问题尚属立法空白,但在司法实践中有所突破。笔者建议在未来的民法典中将隐私权作为一项独立的人格权加以确认,并且要以单行民事法律的形式制定一部专门的《隐私权保护法》;对于公职人员的隐私权限制应单独制定《公务员私生活禁忌和隐私公开条例》加以规范。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an important sign of human civilization’s progress that people’s privacy have been regarded as a right in the law. Yet, We pay attention to privacy in the law, which is not mean that right of privacy is boundless. Appropriate restrictions on right of privacy will be of great benefit to a harmonious relationship between public interests and personal interests and to reducing of conflicts between the right of privacy and the other rights. This thesis is divided into five parts: first, the need for restrictions on right of privacy;second, the principle of restrictions on right of privacy; third, the restrictions on right of privacy of public officials; fourth, the restrictions on right of privacys of public figures.;fifth, China’s . legislation and practice to restrictions on right of privacy. Each part of the contents of the summary is as follows:Firstly, it discusses the need for restrictions on right of privacy. The need of restrictions on right of privacy expressed in the following five areas: 1. The restrictions on right of privacy is to meet the needs of social interaction. In order to meet the needs of communication between people, we must let others know the information about our conditions. Extreme advocates of right of privacy will hinder the normal social communication and interaction. 2. The restrictions on right of privacy is to safeguard the public interest and to meet the needs of the public interest and reasonable public interest. When personal privacy interests and public interests or the legitimate public interest in conflicts, in order to protect the public interest or to satisfy reasonable public interest ,we should limit right of privacy to a certain extent. 3. The restrictions on right of privacy is to protect the right of supervision by public opinion and citizens’ right to know . 4. The restrictions on right of privacy is to safeguard the interests of the people enjoying privacies. 5. The restrictions on right of privacy is to meet the need of self-help and self-defense.Secondly, it discusses the principle of restrictions on right of privacy. 1. The principle of choosing in different value. There is a sequence of the value of internal relations behind the rights protected by the law. When the privacy and other rights in conflict, we should decide what kind of value behind the rights should be given priority protection in accordance with the values of order. 2. The principle of balance of interests. Different rights mean different interests. There are conflicts in different interests thereby leading to the conflict of rights. So the restrictions on right of privacies, in practice ,are coordination and balance between the interests behind the right of privacy and other rights or powers. The coordination and balances of interests include the following: 1, Public interest should be protected prior to individual interests;2, The coordination and balance between privacy interests and the interests of public order and good customs, between privacy interests and the interests of public interest ;3. The coordination and balance between privacy interests and the media’s interests; 4, The coordination and balance between the privacy interests and the right to know of the other citizens or organizations.Thirdly, it discusses the public official’s restrictions on right of privacies. As public officials have certain powers, its acts is closely related to public interests, there are conflicts between their rights of privacies and their job requirements and the obligations , public officials’ rights of privacies should be restricted to a certain extent. Public officials’personnel flies should be as public information; private lives of public officials should be free of necessary restrictions. They should be better compliance with public morality; the property status and other important matters of public officials should be declared open.Fourthly, it discusses public figures’ restrictions on right of privacies . Public figures are engaged in public activities generally concerned with the social and public life. Public figures’ rights of privacies should be appropriately restricted. Public figures’ restrictions on right of privacies should follow three principles : first,their personal privacy will be far from excessive interference;second, we should maintain balance between meeting the legitimate public interest and safeguarding public figures’ dignity;third,the medias’ acts will be regard as tortuous act if they harbor actual malicious. On the other hand, we have to limit the scope of public figures’ right of privacies.Finally, it discusses China’s legislation and practice about restrictions on right of privacies. At present,China’s legislation and practice about restrictions on right of privacies is in a relatively backward state. Basic rules on pretection and restriction on right of privacy have not been taken in Chinese law; public officials’ right of privacy have been restricted a small in the law, but those rules are not very well; rules on public figures’s restrictions on right of privacys have not been taken in the law,yet there have been breakrough in the judicial practice.I propose that in Chinese Civil Code developed in the future , we have to take the right of privacy as an independent right of personality. We should enact "Privacy law"in the form of part of civil law.In order to restrict public officials’ right of privacy , "The law to constrain the civil service ethics acts"must be enacted independently.更多还原