【作者】 刘秀丽；

【导师】 刘国清；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 海明威是美国二十世纪的伟大作家,是“迷惘一代”的代言人。学者们已经从女权主义、种族主义、后殖民主义等方面研究他的作品。生态批评产生后,学者们开始研究他的自然观。其作品中表达出的人与自然的关系日益受到生态批评家的关注。生态批评这种新视角为读者们提供了重新解读海明威作品的可能,促使人们重新思考人与自然的关系,改正人类中心主义的自然观,帮助我们重建人与自然的和谐。海明威是自然之子。大自然怀抱中的成长经历、父母对他实施的早期教育以及自身与自然的亲密接触―这些因素对海明威自然观的形成都有着直接的影响。对他来说,自然不仅是有用的,而且是祥和的、美丽的。他在自己的作品中赞美自然,对饱受摧残的自然寄予了无限同情,对人类的傲慢与自负进行了无情的嘲讽。在创作的早期,海明威刻画了许多异化的人物现象。这些人物异化于自然,进而异化于社会、异化于自我。他们失去了与自然的紧密联系,人们彼此缺乏真正的交流,内心充满绝望。自然危机、社会危机和精神危机重重压迫着他们,使他们陷入极度抑郁。在表现人的异化时,海明威也探讨了造成异化的根源。他认为是战争和机械化生产破坏了自然的美丽,造成了现代社会中各种生存危机,加深了人与自然、人与人、人与自我的矛盾。他开始寻找克服异化的途径。回归自然的意识在他早期的作品《春潮》中已经萌生,并且在他的杰作《老人与海》中达到成熟。他笔下的主人公圣地亚哥和曼诺林通过回归自然简朴的生活方式、和谐的人际关系、传统的价值观和与自然生灵的和二为一等方式来实现回归自然,与自然融为一体。他们投入自然怀抱、融入自然的行为方式为身处生态时代的我们树立了榜样。毫无疑问,从生态视角解读海明威的作品,探索其主人公的种种异化表现和回归自然的选择有助于我们深入了解海明威其人和作品,也可以唤醒人们的生态意识,使人们积极参与环境保护运动。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ernest Hemingway is a great writer of the 20th century, the spokesman of“the lost generation”. His legendary lifestyle and unique writing style have been the focus of many people’s attention since his lifetime. His works have been studied from various perspectives, such as racism, feminism and postcolonialism. After the emergence of ecocriticism, scholars began to explore his outlook on nature. The human-nature relationship conveyed in his works has drawn more and more attention of ecocritics around the world. The studies on his works from ecocritical perspective can provide new insights into Hemingway the man and his works, promote our reconsideration of human-nature relationship, correct man’s anthropocentric attitude towards nature, and help us reestablish harmony between man and nature as well as harmony between man and man.Hemingway can be regarded as a son of nature. His upbringing in nature, his parents’early education, his personal experience in nature and his close contact with nature—all these factors have direct influences on the formation of his nature outlook. For him, nature is not only useful, but also peaceful and holy. He compliments its beauty and greatness, sympathizes with the spoilt nature, and satirizes man’s arrogance and conceitedness.At the early stage of his writing, Hemingway describes many alienated characters. They are alienated from nature, furtherly, alienated from society (others), and alienated from self. These people have lost their close relatedness with nature, lack genuine spiritual communication and live in vanity and despair. Natural environmental crisis, social crisis and spiritual crisis oppress them so much that they are overcome by deep depression.When exposing man’s alienation, Hemingway also probes into the root of it. He thinks that it is war and mechanized production or modern technology that have destroyed nature’s beauty, engendered all the problems in modern society, and increased the conflicts between man and nature, between man and man, and between man and self. He has been searching for a solution to man’s alienation. In his opinion, return to nature is the best way to overcome man’s alienation. The consciousness of return to nature begins to burgeon in his first novella The Torrents of Spring and reaches its maturity in his masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway’s protagonists, Santiago and Manolin, return to nature spontaneously, and through different ways: return to a simple, natural lifestyle, return to a harmonious interpersonal relationship, return to traditional old values and return to self’s identification with nature to approve man’s affinity for natural forms. Their return to nature and integration into nature has set an example for us. There is no doubt that studying Hemingway’s two novellas from ecocritical perspective, exploring their characters’alienation and the solution to alienation, return to nature, contributes to our deep and comprehensive understanding of Hemingway the man and his works. In addition, it can awaken our ecological consciousness and encourage us to take part in environmental protection movement.更多还原