【作者】 刘兵；

【导师】 卫广来；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本文的写作目的在于给出秦汉至魏晋南北朝爵制系统的替嬗——二十等爵制到五等爵制这一转变的历史解释。学界关于秦汉二十等爵制的研究已颇深入,对魏晋南北朝五等爵制的研究虽不如秦汉那样深耕熟耘,但也取得了不少成果。然而对于二者间的替嬗转变之具体论述,就笔者目前阅读所及,并未见到专文。因此,本文的写作意义就在于勉呈浅薄,予以填补。本文运用分析与实证的方法,首先将二十等爵制解体、五等爵制建立的历史过程予以还原,然后从社会经济、政治形势、思想变迁三个方面对其替嬗转变的原因进行了基本的分析。在此基础上,借鉴前辈学者进行相关研究时所创造的独特视角与学术成果,从爵官离合、品位与职位两个视角对此替嬗转变予以再考察,以期在新视角的关照下可以有新的收获。经过研究论证本文得出以下结论:二十等爵制作为一个系统在曹魏咸熙元年彻底解体,取而代之的是,五等爵制的确立。此替嬗转变的社会背景是秦、西汉小农社会,东汉豪族社会,魏晋南北朝士族社会的演变,而更深层的经济原因是秦汉以来大土地所有制的迅速发展和秦汉至魏晋南北朝人身依附关系的逐渐加强,其集中表现则是田庄经济体的普遍兴起与壮大。五等爵制的出现是豪族实现自身合法化和追求大田庄中土地、人口占有合法化的结果。其政治原因是五等爵制作为汉魏晋王朝嬗代工具的需要,而此背后乃是士大夫政治演生背景之下儒生官僚对五等爵制的自觉实践。儒学世家大族势力膨胀并纷纷出任政府文官、王朝和平嬗代过程中不产生庞大的军功集团,这使军功色彩浓重的二十等爵制受到排斥并造成封赏的脱节。其思想原因是法、道、儒诸家在此前经历一系列的政治实践与浮沉整合之后,儒家最后胜出并成为以下历代王朝的正统意识形态,抛弃法家霸政产物的二十等爵、重建五等爵制就成为全体儒学士大夫之政治理想。此外,在爵官离合视角下,可以发现二十等爵在两汉已经彻底爵官分离化,它不可能承担起士族的爵官合一要求,因此五等爵被推出并完成此任务。在品位与职位视角下,可以看到五等爵制的建立与魏晋南北朝官僚“贵族化”、官阶“品位化”、官僚群体自利化的大潮是合拍的,但其与周代五等爵制的诸多不同,又显示了其所代表的“贵族化”是在传统的皇权—官僚政治框架之内的,其所代表的田庄共同体也只是郡县制大帝国局面之下的小单位。更多还原

【Abstract】 The object of this thesis is to illustrate the vicissitude of the rank of nobility from Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The purpose of this article is to giving a historical interpretation of the vicissitude. Analytical and demonstration methods are the main means of the thesis. There are few productions about this subject in the educational circles, so my thesis will fill up the vacancy. Firstly, I will depict the idiographic course of the vicissitude of the rank of nobility from Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Second one, I will find some reasons of the vicissitude in three perspectives, that is economical and social background; political background; and the academic background. Then I will do re-search on the vicissitude again by two new visual angle: severability and cooperation of the rank of nobility and government post; classification by rank or by job. The conclusion of this thesis as follows: the twenty rank of nobility completely desegregated in Xian Xi first year of CaoWei Dynasty, it was superseded by the five rank of nobility. The evolvement of the social background in Qin and Western Han Dynasties、Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties was petty farmers society,rich and powerful families society to scholar-bureaucrat families society. The deep-seated reason of this social phenomenon was accelerated development of great land ownership and connection personal attaching. The focus on the performance of the whole phenomenon was the constantly rising and growing of the large manors. The vicissitude was rich and powerful families’ pursuit for validity of themselves and licit appropriation of ground and people in the large manors. Politics background of the vicissitude was the need of sub delegation of imperial power in Han,Wei and Jin Dynasties, whose backside reason was Scholar-bureaucrats push the five rank of nobility by their own initiative in evolvement background of Scholar-bureaucrat polity. Confucian scholar-bureaucrat families’ influence were expanding incessantly and took up the post of the government numerously, there wasn’t giant group of military exploit in the course of peaceful sub delegation between Han Wei and Jin Dynasties, so that, the twenty rank of nobility can’t largess commendably and have the disjointedness. This vicissitude of academic background was Confucianism’ triumph to Legalists Doctrine, that became the lineal ideology in past dynasties of ancient China. Establishment of the five rank of nobility was the politics ideality of the scholar-bureaucrats. The twenty rank of nobility had drastically severability in relation of the rank of nobility and government post, which cannot carried out the demand of Scholar-bureaucrat family, at the same time, the five rank of nobility cooperated them. In the Perspective of classification by rank or by job, we can find that the nobility polarity、country estate which were represent by the five rank of nobility are based on imperial polity of ancient China.更多还原