民事公益诉讼若干问题研究

【作者】 林峰；

【导师】 章武生；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 正处于社会转型期的中国近年来频繁发生侵害公共利益的事件,而保护公共利益的诉讼制度尚未构建起来。公共利益遭受侵害亟需救济和救济制度的缺失之间的冲突,使得民事公益诉讼成为一个研究热点。很多学者对民事公益诉讼的研究集中在一些相同的问题上,但理论上仍存在一些问题没有厘清。2007年爆发的无锡太湖蓝藻污染事件,可以作为民事公益诉讼研究的典型事例。本文对学界已广泛研究的问题将不再赘述,而是试图以无锡太湖蓝藻污染事件为视角,围绕民事公益诉讼若干尚未厘清的理论问题展开论述,以期推动我国民事公益诉讼研究的发展。本文除引言与结语外,共分六章,而在每一章的末尾都对无锡蓝藻污染事件引发的“假设性”的公益诉讼进行回应和点评。第一章首先对公共利益的概念作了界定,何为公共利益是关系到公益诉讼受案范围的先决条件,其次对公共利益的特征以及公共利益与个人利益的辩证统一关系进行了分析。第二章主要探讨的是民事公益诉讼的原告问题,民事公益诉讼的原告扩张对传统民事诉讼当事人适格理论形成了挑战和突破,在我国,民事公益诉讼的适格原告应包括检察机关、公益团体和公民个人。第三章探讨了民事公益诉讼的诉讼请求问题,根据侵害公益行为不同阶段的不同性质,民事公益诉讼的诉讼请求可以分为预防性、禁止性和赔偿性三种类型,合理地主张诉讼请求才能对公共利益进行全面的保护。第四章主要探讨了民事公益诉讼的诉讼时效问题,现行的普通诉讼时效制度偏短,不能很好地实现保护公共利益的目标,建议改革并建立适应民事公益诉讼的诉讼时效制度,可以考虑以10年为基准。第五章主要从程序法的角度分析了民事公益诉讼与法官职权的强化问题,公益诉讼争执的焦点呈现社会化的倾向,当事人双方力量对比严重失衡,“武器对等”原则受到极大的挑战,因此强化法官职权是民事公益诉讼的内在需要,可以通过制度的设计强化法官的职权。第六章主要从实体法的角度分析了民事公益诉讼与司法能动主义的关系,司法能动主义的发挥是民事公益诉讼的客观需要,它在民事公益诉讼中主要体现在民事公益诉讼对利益的平衡作用及对公共政策的影响作用,针对我国的民事公益诉讼,应加强司法解释对公益诉讼案件审理的指引,同时审理公益诉讼个案的法官应在现行法律框架内灵活地发挥司法能动主义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, during the social transformation period, many incidents infracting public interests happen frequently in recent years, while the litigation system protecting public interests has not been established. The conflict between the demand of relieving public interests and the absence of relief system makes the civil public interest litigation become a focus of legal research. Many scholars focus on some similar issues concerning civil public interest litigation, but there are still several issues which need clarity in theory. The cyanophyta pollution incident which broke out in Tai Lake area of Wuxi in 2007 could be researched as a typical case with regard to civil public interest litigation. This article will not give unnecessary details to those issues that have been discussed widely, but will focus on several issues that need clarity in theory regarding civil public interest litigation from the angle of the cyanophyta pollution incident in Tai Lake area of Wuxi, in hopes of promoting civil public interest litigation research in China.Besides the preface and the conclusion, this article is divided into six chapters, and at the end of each chapter this article will make comments on the hypothetical public interest litigation related to the cyanophyta pollution incident in Tai Lake area of Wuxi as responses.Chapter one first gives a definition of the concept of public interest. What is public interest is the precondition related to the accepting range of public interest litigation. Then this chapter analyzes the characters of public interest and the dialectical and unitive relation between public interest and private interest.Chapter two mainly discusses the plaintiff issue of civil public interest litigation. The expansion of plaintiff of civil public interest litigation poses a challenge and a breakthrough to the traditional theory of qualification for the proper party in civil litigation. In China, the proper plaintiff of civil public interest litigation should include Procuratorial organs, public interest organizations and citizens.Chapter three discusses the claim issue of civil public interest litigation. In accordance with different characters of public interest infraction actions at different stages, the claims of civil public interest litigation can be divided into three types: preventative, prohibitive and compensative. Only appropriate claims can give all-around protection to public interests.Chapter four mainly discusses the issue of time limitation for litigation concerning civil public interest litigation. The current common time limitation for litigation is too short to achieve the goal of public interest protection. The author suggests making reforms and establishing new time limitation for litigation which is suitable for civil public interest litigation, with a consideration of ten years as a basis.Chapter five mainly analyzes the issue between civil public interest litigation and intensifying judge’s authority from the angle of procedure law. The dissension focuses of public interest litigation present a socialization tendency, and the power contrast of two parties is seriously out of balance, and the principle of "equality of arms" is challenged severely, so intensifying judge’s authority is the internal requirement of civil public interest litigation. We can intensify judge’s authority by certain designed systems.Chapter six mainly analyzes the relation between civil public interest litigation and judicial activism from the angle of substantial law. The exertion of judicial activism is the practical requirement of civil public interest litigation. Judicial activism is mainly embodied by interest balance and public policy influence in civil public interest litigation. For the civil public interest litigation in China, judicial interpretations should be enacted to direct the public interest litigation. And judges who hear public interest litigation cases should exert judicial activism neatly within the current legal framework.更多还原