【作者】 李晓磊；

【导师】 沈向；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 果树学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以多个苹果属(Malus Mill.)原生种及观赏海棠(Malus sp.)品种为试材,采用环境扫描电镜观察其花粉形态的主要特征及差异,引入类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,初步探明了亲缘关系及类群。利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对观赏海棠花果香气成分进行研究,发现苹果属物种中具有特异香气的新种质。进一步研究了观赏海棠的授粉特性,为更好的开发利用这一资源奠定基础。(1)观赏海棠与栽培苹果的授粉亲和性高,可作为苹果育种材料,也是有潜力的苹果高效授粉树。新建果园配置观赏海棠有望实现单品种建园。(2)观赏海棠花粉为N3P4C5型,呈两侧对称的长球形或超长球形,赤道面具3条孔沟,沿极轴方向延伸至两极,萌发沟内有内孔,花粉表面为条状纹饰,有穿孔;各种或品种间花粉粒大小及外壁纹饰差异明显,花粉粒极轴(P)长34.51~50.67μm,赤道轴(E)长16.28~24.95μm,P/E值为1.83~2.48,条脊宽0.11~0.20μm,条脊距0.06~0.28μm,覆盖层穿孔大小不均,穿孔密度为1.20~27.50/10μm2。(3)根据花粉形态的聚类分析结果,佛罗伦萨海棠等2个苹果属原生种以及‘罗宾逊’等7个观赏海棠品种聚为第一类群;山荆子等7个苹果属原生种以及‘霍巴’等5个观赏海棠品种聚为第二类群;赛威士苹果等4个苹果属原生种以及‘道格’等1个观赏海棠品种聚为第三类群;野香海棠等2个苹果属原生种以及‘凯尔斯’等14个观赏海棠品种聚为第四类群。观赏海棠品种起源复杂,是由北美洲、欧洲、亚洲基因中心的苹果种间杂交形成的亲缘关系复杂的品种。(4)3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯甲醇、3-甲基-4-氧络戊酸、罗勒烯、庚烷等挥发性化合物在所有供试观赏海棠和苹果品种花香中均有检出,相对含量较高,是花香的共有成分。苯甲醛、月桂烯等挥发性化合物在不同品种花香中所占的含量及种类不同,构成了不同品种海棠花的特异香气。‘道格’、‘艾丽’、‘霍巴’、‘李斯特’、‘马卡’、‘王族’等香气特异浓郁的品种可作为观赏海棠香花育种材料。(5)‘红丽’、‘草莓果冻’、‘粉芽’、‘绚丽’、‘钻石’、‘火焰’等观赏海棠果实共同具有的主要挥发性物质为:2-己烯醛、3-己烯醛、己醛、2.4-己二烯醛、苯甲醛、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯。醛类物质是对这些海棠品种果实风味贡献最大的挥发性物质,酯类和醇类是构成不同品种海棠特异香气的重要组成。‘红丽’、‘草莓果冻’果实成熟后醇类物质表现出与醛类、酯类相反的变化趋势,醛类和酯类物质的相对含量下降,而醇类物质的相对含量增加。更多还原

【Abstract】 Many Malus species (Malus Mill.) and ornamental crabapple (Malus sp.) varieties were used as materials to study. Pollen morphology was observed using environment scanning electron microscope. From the UPGMA cluster analysis, the taxa could be classified and the genetic relation between species could be investigated. Analyze the fruit and flower aroma of different crabapple variety, summarize a effective method to search new idioplasm with particular aroma in Malus. Further research on pollination character of crabapple was carried out, in order to develop and use it better.(1) Pollination compatibility of ornamental crabapple and cultivated apple was well. Ornamental crabapple was a good breeding material, and the efficient pollinate tree of cultivated apple as well. The new orchard could plant only one variety when plant ornamental crabapple.(2) The ornamental crabapple pollen belonged to the N3P4C5 type, bilateral symmetry, prolate sphericity or ultra prolate sphericity, with three germinal furrows extending almost to the full length of the grain. The exine surface had a striate pattern and some small pores. The polar length was from 34.51μm to 50.67μm and equator length was from 16.28μm to 24.95μm. The P/E range was 1.83~2.48 and the ridge width was from 0.11μm to 0.20μm. Pollen ridge interval was from 0.06μm to 0.28μm and the pore size varied from 1.20 to 27.50 pores per ten square microns.(3) From the UPGMA cluster analysis, the 42 taxa could be classified into four groups. The first group contained M. florentina, M. sylvestri, M.‘Robinson’and other 7 cultivars. The second group included M. baccata and other 8 species and 3 crabapple cultivars, like M.‘Hopa’. The third group consisted of M. sieversii and 3 more species and cultivar M.‘Dolgo’. The last group comprised of M. coronaria, M. platycarpa, M.‘Kelsey’and 13 more crabapple cultivars. Twenty-seven ornamental crabapple cultivars originated from a very complicated genetic complex, which could be stated as cross-hybrids from species from North America, Europe, and Asia. (4)1-Butanol 3-methyl-, Benzyl Alcohol, Pentanoic acid 3-methyl-4-oxo-, 1,3,7-Octatriene 3,7-dimethyl- and Heptane was identified from all the ornamental crabapple flowers. The relative content of them was high, they were the community aroma. The different kind of volatile compounds made of extraordinary aroma for different varieties. M.‘Dolgo’, M.‘Eleyi’, M.‘Hopa’, M.‘Liset’, M.‘Makamik’and M.‘Royalty’were good breeding material of sweet flower.(5) The main volatiles of M.‘Red splender’, M.‘Strawberryparifit’, M.‘Pink Spire’, M.‘Radiant’, M.‘Sparkler’and M.‘Flame’fruits comprised 2-Hexenal, 3-Hexenal, Hexanal, 2,4-Hexadienal, Benzaldehyde, Diethyl phthalate. Aldehydes were the most important components for fruit aroma, while the esters and alcohols were indispensability. The relative content of aldehydes and esters decreased as alcohols increased after M.‘Red splender’and M.‘Strawberryparifit’fruits riped.更多还原