【作者】 杨仁朋；

【导师】 刘春生；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 植物营养， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 合理施用氮肥是农业生产研究的热点问题之一,本试验在研究氨挥发测定方法和挥发特征的基础上,选取北方高产粮田冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,以磷钾肥实施中长期恒量监控施用、氮肥实施动态监控施用的方法,重点开展不同施肥处理和不同施肥量下土壤氮素的吸收利用规律研究,结合作物产量和土壤无机氮的动态平衡规律,特别是土壤硝态氮残留和变化特征,形成以氮肥污染防治和高效利用为中心的化肥施用与地力建设的综合技术体系,挖掘养分资源潜力,提高资源利用效率,提高作物产量,有效地控制目前农民盲目施肥所造成的环境污染。经过两年的田间试验、室内分析,主要结论如下:1.通气法结构简单,操作简便,测定结果的准确度和精确度高,通气法的平均捕获量为6.64mgN,回收率高达99.51%,其变异系数仅为0.77%。在有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用时,有机肥能延缓化学肥料的肥效期,减少肥料的氨挥发损失。温度越低、降水越多、土壤水分越大,氨挥发越少。2.碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵、尿素三种肥料的挥发强弱顺序为碳酸氢铵>硫酸铵>尿素,三者的平均挥发速率分别为0.468、0.338、0.326 kg·ha-1·d-1。三种肥料浅施时氨挥发量都随施肥量的增加而增大,而深施时规律不明显。尿素的氨挥发量比碳酸氢铵和硫酸铵小。3.优化施肥比习惯施肥产量提高2.73%-6.39%,不施氮使第一季冬小麦产量显著低于施氮处理,第一季夏玉米产量与施氮处理差异不显著,不施氮肥对夏玉米产量影响相对较小。玉米穗粒数不同施肥处理差异不显著,施肥量大小能影响小麦千粒重,但对玉米百粒重影响不明显。4.不同施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量差异显著。优化施肥处理硝态氮含量低于习惯处理,CK处理第一季作物收获期硝态氮含量骤减达37.86%,二、三季作物硝态氮含量下降缓和,到四、五季作物后趋于稳定,但较试验前下降了53.48%。优化施肥和习惯施肥都保持了地力,但前者更适于作物生长,减少了硝态氮的损失。5.不同施肥处理的氮吸收效率差异显著。优化施肥处理比习惯处理氮吸收效率高49.15%。玉米氮吸收效率比较稳定,但小麦却存在下降趋势;优化施肥的氮素生理利用率明显优于习惯施肥;氮肥偏生产力与氮肥施用量呈负相关,小麦季低于玉米季。6.不同土壤肥力影响作物产量、硝态氮含量。习惯施肥加大了作物对土壤养分的奢侈吸收,使每季作物表现出不同含量的硝态氮残留。优化施肥处理方式下,不同肥力地块硝态氮残留均低于习惯施肥,但高肥力地块硝态氮残留高于低肥力地块。作物吸收的主要养分来源于施肥,但高肥力是作物产量的保证。7.土壤-作物体系通过吸收盈余氮素形成Nmin缓冲区域,这个区域在101.42 kgN·ha-1 -173.45 kgN·ha-1范围内。优化施肥处理施肥量在这个缓冲区域内,土壤对氮肥承受力较好,作物产量达到最高,而土壤残留的硝态氮量较低。优化施肥效应明显,优化施肥比习惯施肥节约化肥36.84%-52.97%。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is one of the hot issues for agricultural production to fertilize Nitrogen reasonably. This article choose Intercropping wheat and maize to be the researching object in the rich nutrient soil in the north, At the same time P and K was monitored, with nitrate residues in soil, The important research is the law of the absorption,transfer of soil nitrogen. with the determination of crop yield on the balance of nitrate and efficiency, especially the nitrate remains and changing character of the soil, to format technology system of application optimization and soil construction to nitrogen pollution control and efficient use as the center. mining nutrition potential, improving the efficiency of resource use, increasing crop production and ensure food security and improving the quality of agricultural products, Environment pollution was controlled Effectively because of fertilization blindly.After two years of field trials, indoor analysis, the main conclusions are as follows:1.Ventilation is simple, easy to operate, the results of the accuracy and precision and high recovery rate as high as 99.51 percent, the average catch of Ventilation was 6.64 mgN. Its coefficient of variation was only 0.77 percent. In organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers combined application, organic fertilizer can delay the Effect of chemical fertilizers, ammonia fertilizer to reduce evaporation losses. The lower the temperature, precipitation, the more soil moisture is,the less volatilation.2. Ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, urea fertilizers are different in the volatilation.The order of the volatile :ammonium bicarbonate> ammonium sulfate> urea. The average rate of the three volatile were 0.468,0.338, 0.326 kg ? ha-1 ? d-1. three ammonia volatilization increased after fertilizer increases.3.Among the Optimization of fertilizer and the customary fertilizer ,the output of the Optimization increased 2.73% -6.39% .No nitrogen of the first winter wheat production was significantly lower than dealing with nitrogen, the first maize production has no significant differences with fertilization treatment. No fertilizer for maize yield was a relatively small impact. Different treatments so that grain of corn there was no significant difference. This shows that Fertilization can affect the size of wheat grain weight, but the impact was not obvious 100-seed weight of the corn.4.Different treatments of soil nitrate content was significant, Optimal treatment of nitrate fertilizer was less than customary treatment, CK treatment quarter crop harvest period plunged nitrate content of 37.86 percent, the second and the third quarters of declining crop nitrate content of easing, to four, five quarters after the crops tend to stable, but more tests before a decrease of 53.48%.Optimization of fertilizer and fertilizer are used to maintain a grip, but the former is more suitable for crop growth and reduce the nitrate losses.5.Different treatments of nitrogen absorption efficiency was significant, and optimize treatments used to deal with than the high efficiency of nitrogen absorbed 49.15%., The nitrogen absorption efficiency of corn relatively stable, but there is downward trend for wheat quarter. The PE of the Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer is superior habits fertilization. The PEP and nitrogen fertilizer application rate was negatively correlated, and Wheat quarter was lower than the corn quarter.6.Different soil fertility influents the crop production and nitrate content. Fertilization of the crop used to increase the luxury of soil nutrient absorption, so that the different quarterly crops show the nitrate residue. Above the optimization of fertilization treatment, the fertility of different plots nitrate fertilizer residues were lower than customary, but the high fertility of land nitrate residues higher than the low fertility plots. The main crops absorption nutrients were from fertilizer, but high fertility is the guarantee for the crop yields.7. The crop soil absorption system can be Nmin buffer region through the formation of other nitrogen. The range was 101.42 kg N·ha-1 -173.45 kg N·ha-1 .Optimization of fertilization treatments was in this buffer area. The bearing capacity of soil nitrogen better crop yields to the highest, and the remnants of soil nitrate lower. Optimize fertilization effects obvious, optimize fertilization were saved 36.84% -52.97% than habits fertilization fertilizers.更多还原