【作者】 张国庆；

【导师】 黄从德；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 以大气CO₂浓度增加和温度升高为主要特征的全球气候变化正在深刻地改变着陆地生态系统的结构和功能,威胁着人类的生存安全和健康,成为各国政府和科学家最为关注的全球性重大生态与环境科学问题。为减缓大气中CO₂浓度增加,《京都议定书》（Kyoto Protocol）明确提出人类可以通过对陆地生态系统的有效管理来增加其固碳能力,并且管理成效可以部分抵消承担减排任务国家的碳减排份额。中国是世界上人工林面积最大的国家,人工林的增加不仅对改善我国的生态环境状况起到重要作用,而且对固定大气中的CO₂也发挥了积极作用。马尾松（Pinus massoniana）是四川省乃至整个中国最重要的造林先锋树种之一,目前,有关马尾松人工林碳储量的研究较多,但包括四川在内的西部地区此方面的研究还比较有限,更缺乏经营管理与马尾松人工林碳储量关系方面的文献研究。本文对不同经营措施下的马尾松人工林生态系统碳储量及其分配特征进行了研究,结果表明:（1）树种组成对马尾松人工林生态系统及各个层次的碳储量产生了不同程度的影响。与马尾松纯林(128.3 MgC·hm^-2)相比,马尾松～阔叶混交林生态系统碳储量有较大幅度的增长,增长量达到16.9 MgC·hm^-2,但马尾松～杉木混交林生态系统碳储量仅为132.3 MgC·hm^-2,没有表现出明显的增长趋势。在马尾松～阔叶和马尾松～杉木混交林生态系统中,乔木层碳储量分别为50.4 MgC·hm^-2和45.4 MgC·hm^-2,均比马尾松纯林(53.8 MgC·hm^-2)有所降低,其原因主要在于混交树种的更新时间相对较短,这同样也是马尾松～杉木混交林生态系统碳储量增长不明显的重要原因之一;相对于乔木层,马尾松～阔叶和马尾松～杉木混交林林下层碳储量比马尾松纯林(2.5MgC·hm^-2)有大幅度提高,分别达到7.5 MgC·hm^-2和7.1 MgC·hm^-2,土壤层碳储量也高于马尾松纯林(72.0 MgC·hm^-2),增长量分别为15.3 MgC·hm^-2和7.8MgC·hm^-2。选择适合的树种构建人工混交林,对增大人工林生态系统的固碳功能具有重要的作用。（2）封育管理有效的增强了马尾松人工林生态系统的碳积累能力。封育后,马尾松人工林生态系统碳储量有较大幅度的增长,与对照相比(124.9MgC·hm^-2),马尾松纯林生态系统的碳储量增长了35.2 MgC·hm^-2,而马尾松～阔叶混交林生态系统比对照(139.6 MgC·hm^-2)增加了32.5 MgC·hm^-2。在马尾松纯林和马尾松～阔叶混交林生态系统中,乔木层碳储量分别为70.5MgC·hm^-2和67.4 MgC·hm^-2,分别比对照增加了20.1 MgC·hm^-2、17.6MgC·hm^-2,林下层碳储量分别为6.8 MgC·hm^-2和11.7 MgC·hm^-2,比对照增加了4.4 MgC·hm^-2、5.0MgC·hm^-2,土壤层碳储量分别为82.8 MgC·hm^-2和93.0MgC·hm^-2,比对照分别增加了10.7 MgC·hm^-2、9.9MgC·hm^-2。（3）复合模式经营是增大人工林碳“汇”功能的有效途径之一。与马尾松纯林(129.5 MgC·hm^-2)相比,马尾松～茶和马尾松～慈竹复合模式人工林生态系统碳储量均有较大幅度的增长,增长量分别为27.7 MgC·hm^-2和35.4 MgC·hm^-2。其中,马尾松～茶复合模式人工林乔木层和土壤层碳储量分别为66.4 MgC·hm^-2、89.5 MgC·hm^-2,比马尾松纯林分别增加了10.6 MgC·hm^-2、18.5 MgC·hm^-2,但林下层由于人类活动的影响,碳储量减少了1.4 MgC·hm^-2,仅为1.3 MgC·hm^-2;而与马尾松纯林相比,马尾松～慈竹复合模式人工林在系统的各个层次,碳储量都有较大程度的增长。其增量分别达到13.7 MgC·hm^-2（乔木层）、3.0 MgC·hm^-2（林下层）和17.7 MgC·hm^-2（土壤层）。（4）马尾松人工林的经营和管理使其成为大气中碳“汇”。不同经营措施创造的“汇”约为1.7～9.4MgC·hm^-2·a^-1,相应的生态价值可达255～1410元·hm^-2·a^-1,而通过复合模式经营又可获得额外的经济收益。尝试开展多种形式的人工林经营活动,对增大人工林碳“汇”及其生态经济价值,提高人工林的利用水平,以及增加农民收入都具有积极的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The increasing of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature as the main characteristics of global climate change,which profoundly changing the landing ecosystem structure and functions,threatening to the survival of human health and safety, the governments and scientists become to the most significant concern about the global ecological and environmental science issues so.To reduce the increasing of atmospheric CO₂ concentration,the "Kyoto Protocol" clearly putting forward that by the effective management,the carbon sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems can be increased, and the effectiveness of management can partially offset the carbon emission reduction share of the country which committing to emission reduction mandate.China is the world’s largest area of the plantation,not only the increase in plantations can improve China’s ecological environment,but also in favor of fixing the atmospheric CO₂.Masson pines was one of the most important pioneer reforestation species of the Sichuan Province and the whole China’s,the research of carbon stocks in artificial pine forest was large at present,but including Sichuan,the western region in this regard is still relatively limited, and the literature on the relationship of carbon stocks and management in artificial pine forest is lacking also.The carbon stocks and its distribution characteristics of artificial pine forest ecosystem in different management measures were studied in this paper,the results show that:（1） Tree species composition took different degrees of impacts to carbon stocks in artificial pine forest ecosystem and its all layers.Compared to pure pine forest(128.3 MgC·hm^-2),the carbon stocks of pine and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem grow substantially,its growth amounted to 16.9 MgC·hm^-2,but the carbon stocks of pine and fir mixed forest ecosystem was only 132.3 MgC·hm^-2,showed unobvious trend of growth. In pine～broad-leaved and pine～fir mixed forest ecosystems,the carbon stocks of arbor layer were 50.4 MgC·hm^-2 and 45.4 MgC·hm^-2,both below than pure pine forest(53.8 MgC·hm^-2),it mainly because of the shorter updated mixed species,which is also a important reasons for the unobvious growth of carbon stocks in pine and fir mixed forest ecosystem,relative to arbor layer,the carbon stocks of shrub and litter layer of pine～ broad-leaved and pine～fir mixed forest were higher than pure pine forest(2.5MgC·hm^-2), which amount to 7.5 MgC·hm^-2 and 7.1 MgC·hm^-2 respectively,and the carbon stock of soil layer was also higher than pure pine forest(72.0 MgC·hm^-2),its growth amounted to 15.3MgC·hm^-2 and 7.8MgC·hm^-2.Choose appropriate tree species to construct artificial mixed forest,would played an important role to increased the carbon sequestration of plantation ecosystems（2） Exclusion management effective enhanced the carbon accumulation capacity of artificial pine forest ecosystem.After exclusion,the carbon stocks of artificial pine forest ecosystem grow substantially,compared to comparison(128.3 MgC·hm^-2),the carbon stocks of pure pine forest ecosystem was increased of 35.2 MgC·hm^-2,and the pine～broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem was also increased of 32.5MgC·hm^-2 compared to comparison(139.6MgC·hm^-2).In pure pine forest and pine～broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystems,the carbon stocks of arbor layer were 70.5MgC·hm^-2 and 67.4MgC·hm^-2, respectively increased of 20.1MgC·hm^-2 and 17.6MgC·hm^-2 compared to comparison,the carbon stocks of shrub and litter layer were 6.8MgC·hm^-2 and 11.7MgC·hm^-2,respectively increased of 4.4MgC·hm^-2 and 5.0MgC·hm^-2 compared to comparison,the carbon stocks of soil layer were 82.8MgC·hm^-2 and 93.0MgC·hm^-2,respectively increased of 10.7MgC·hm^-2 and 9.9MgC·hm^-2 compared to comparison.（3） The management of compound planting patterns would be one of the effective ways to increase carbon "sink" of plantations.Compared to pure pine forest (129.5MgC·hm^-2),the carbon stocks of pine～tea and pine～bamboo compound planting patterns forest ecosystems grow substantially,the growth amounted to 27.7 MgC·hm^-2 and 35.4 MgC·hm^-2 respectively.In the pine～tea compound planting patterns forest ecosystems,the carbon stocks of arbor and soil layer were 66.4 MgC·hm^-2 and 89.5MgC·hm^-2,increased of 10.6MgC·hm^-2 and 18.5MgC·hm^-2 compared to pure pine forest,but for the impacts of human activities,the carbon stocks of shrub and litter layer decreased of 1.4 MgC·hm^-2,were only 1.3MgC·hm^-2.However,compared to pure pine forest,the carbon stocks in all layers of pine～bamboo compound planting patterns forest ecosystems grow obviously,the growth amounted to 13.7 MgC·hm^-2（arbor layer）、3.0 MgC·hm^-2（shrub and litter layer） and 17.7 MgC·hm^-2（soil layer）.（4） The management led the artificial pine forest become to the carbon "sink" in atmosphere.The "sink" created by different management measures were 1.7～9.4 MgC·hm^-2·a^-1,corresponding,the ecological value up to 255～1410 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1,and through management of compound planting patterns,the artificial pine forest would got additional economic benefits.So,try to carry out various forms of management activities to plantations,would be positive to increase carbon "sink",ecological and economic value of plantations,enhance the use standard of plantations,and increase the income of the farmers.更多还原