【作者】 廖思米；

【导师】 周祖基； 耿金虎；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 森林保护学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以人工繁育熊蜂蜂群发育变异的影响因素——食物及病虫害为主要研究内容，阐明涉及研究因素对蜂群的影响。通过对蜂群及个体发育特征的考察，明确蔗糖，果葡糖浆，EM原露添加剂对熊蜂蜂王生长发育及蜂群发育的影响。同时，通过对野外采集蜂王的考察，初步明确野生蜂王感螨情况，寄生螨寄生状况，及其对蜂王的影响。用蔗糖，蔗糖+果糖，果葡糖浆F42，及蔗糖+花粉，蔗糖+果糖+花粉，果葡糖浆F42+花粉喂养熊蜂工蜂，研究单糖，双糖及蛋白质源对其寿命的影响，及工蜂体型大小与其寿命的关系；用蔗糖+花粉，果葡糖浆F42+花粉2种食料饲喂复苏蜂王，研究果葡糖浆F42对熊蜂蜂王生长发育及蜂群发育的影响。结果表明，实验条件(无授粉危险)下，花粉有或无时，果葡糖浆F42饲喂熊蜂工蜂均具有最大生存时间中值(t=50．00天；t=21．00天)，单喂蔗糖熊蜂工蜂生存时间中值均最短(t=43．00天；t=19．00天)；三种糖液饲喂熊蜂工蜂，对其生存曲线均无显著性影响(P=0．527，P=0．201)。无论用单糖，双糖或单糖+双糖饲喂养，无花粉时熊蜂工蜂寿命显著低于有花粉时工蜂寿命(P=0．000)。同时，排除授粉危险性，营养充足情况下，熊蜂工蜂寿命与其体型大小显著相关。果葡糖浆F42对熊蜂蜂王寿命影响不显著。同时其对熊蜂蜂王后期的影响如产卵率、工蜂始出日、转箱率、成群率、产出新王数等特征亦影响不显著。但果葡糖浆F42显著降低新生熊蜂蜂王的体重及大小(P=0．006，P=0．000)。用60％蔗糖，60％蔗糖加EM原露，60％蔗糖加花粉，60％蔗糖加花粉加EM原露4种食料饲喂复苏蜂王，研究EM原露对复苏蜂王产卵前期卵巢发育及卵子发生的影响；用60％蔗糖加花粉，60％蔗糖加花粉加EM原露2种食料饲喂复苏蜂王，研究EM原露对熊蜂蜂王生长发育及蜂群发育的影响。结果表明，EM原露对熊蜂蜂王产卵前期卵巢发育及卵子发生表现出一定抑制性，但影响不显著。虽然于第2天，EM原露对其开始发生显著抑制性影响(P=0．047)，且EM原露与花粉的交互作用对其发育促进影响亦显著(P=0．014)，但从第5天始，EM原露对其影响下降为不显著，而花粉开始表现出显著性促进熊蜂蜂王卵巢发育(P=0．000)。EM原露显著抑制熊蜂蜂王生长发育，降低蜂王寿命(P=0．004)，提高其死亡率(P=0．0．015)，降低其产卵率(P=0．001)，转箱率(P=0．001)。同时EM原露对熊蜂蜂群如竞争点发生日，转折点发生日，工蜂始出日、成群率等特征影响不显著。但EM原露对新生蜂王产量有显著增加作用(P=0．042)，使用EM原露饲喂7日后新生蜂王体重亦得到显著提高(P=0．000)。最后对新疆与河北地区野生明亮熊蜂及小峰熊蜂蜂王内寄生螨布赫纳蝗螨Locustacarus buchneri的生物学特性进行初步观察，其结果表明：该螨对两种熊蜂的寄生率分别为10．43％和8．3％，寄生部位为气管与气囊。室内饲养至30天的蜂王体内寄生螨量明显高于饲养至60天的蜂王。未被螨寄生的蜂王与被寄生者比较，前者体重显著高于后者(P=0．012)，但二者间产卵始期、产卵率、食卵率和存活率差异不显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 This experimental based on the study of bumblebee behavior and model of colony’s development, depended on the parameter of colony’s development, studied the effect of sucrose, fructose-glucose syrup F42, and EM on the development of bumblebee’s colony. At the meantime, the situation of parasitized, ratio of parasitism, the effect on the bumblebees of the endoparasitic mite, Locustacarus buchneri, was studied by outdoor-investigation.The influence of monosaccharide, disaccharide and protein on the longevity of bumblebee’s worker, the correlation of body type and longevity, were studied by feeding the Bombus terrestris’s worker on sucrose, sucrose + fructose, fructose-glucose syrup F42, sucrose + pollen, sucrose + fructose + pollen, fructose-glucose syrup F42 + pollen. The effect of fructose-glucose syrup F42 on the development of bumblebee’s colony was studied by feeding the bumblebee on sucrose and fructose-glucose syrup F42. The result showed, in the condition of experiment (not exposed to foraging risks) , the worker who were fed on fructose-glucose syrup F42 had the longest longevity with or without pollen (t=50.00d; t=21.00d) , the worker who were fed on sucrose had the shortest longevity with or without pollen (t=43.00d; t=19.00d), however there is no significant difference about the survival curse. The longevity of worker without pollen was significantly shorter than that with pollen when they fed on whatever sugar (P=0.000) .The correlation of body type and longevity is significant when the worker isn’t exposed to foraging risks, with fully nutrition, fructose-glucose syrup F42 showed no significant effect on the longevity of queens of bumblebee. Also, there is no significant influence on the rate of oviposition, date of first callow, rate of transfer, rate of founding colony, amount of gyne queens, etc,. The weight and length of radio-cell in the right wing of gyne queen was smaller significantly by feeding on fructose-glucose syrup F42 (P=0.006, P=0.000) .The effect of effective microorganisms (EM) on the ovarian development and oogenesis of bumblebee queens in preoviposition period was studied by feeding the recoverial bumblebee queens on 60% sugar, 60% sugar + EM, 60% sugar + pollen, 60% sugar + pollen+EM. The effect of EM on the development of bumblebee’s colony was studied by feeding the bumblebee on 60% sugar + pollen, 60% sugar + pollen + EM. The result showed that the effect of EM on the ovarian development and oogenesis of bumblebee queens in preoviposition period is not significant. Although the EM inhibited ovarial development significantly in 2 days (P=0.047) , also in the same time it was significant promoted by the intersection influence of EM and pollen (P=0.014) , from the 5th day to the 9th day, the effect of pollen showed significant influence of promote on ovarial development (P=0.000) instead of the no significant influence of EM. The oogenesis wasn’t affected by EM significantly, however, the ovarial development level was forced to recede by lack of pollen. EM inhibited the growth and development of queens of bumblebee, shorten the longevity (P=0.004) , improved the rate of death (P=0.0.015) , decreased the rate of oviposition (P=0.001) and the rate of transfer (P=0.001). However, EM showed no significant influence on the date of competition point, date of switch point, date of first callow, rate of founding colony, etc,. The amount of gyne queen was improved significantly by feeding food with EM (P=0.042), also the weight of gyne queens was improved significantly after feeding on food with EM for 7 days (P=0.000). The hormorn level of gyne queen had been changed after diapause, EM showed improve to the queen before diapause, inhibitation to the queen after diapause. The result showed the nutrition contained of EM is fitted for the growth and development of queen before diapause.At the last, the biological characteristics of the endoparasitic mite, Locustacarus buchneri, of bumblebees Bombus lucorum and B. hypocrita in Xinjiang and Hebei province were observed. The results showed that the ratio of parasitism in B. lucorum and B. hypocrita were 10.43% and 8.3%, respectively. The parasitic position for the mite was the trachea and air sac of the host. The mite population in the queen reared for 30 d was higher than that in the queen reared for 60 d. The average weight of the unparasitized queen was obviously higher than that of the parasitized queen, while there is no difference in the first date of oviposition, and the rates of oviposition, oophagy and survival between the queens unparasitized and those parasitized.更多还原