【作者】 孙健；

【导师】 马炎秋；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 国际法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 船舶引航,旧称引水、领港、带水或领江,指在一定的港口、运河、江河入海口、难航海峡或内河水域内,专门性的从业人员登上某船舶(他不属该船船员),并就该船驶抵目的地的有关安全航行问题,为船长提供建议和忠告,或者在不解除船长对于全船驾驶责任的情况下,代替船长实际操纵该船舶。引航工作对于保证船舶航行安全、船舶周转速度、港口作业效率,维护航行秩序,以及保护港口水域环境,都具有重要作用。另一方面,引航又与国家主权和国防安全密切相关。本论文主要应用比较研究和实证两种方法研究我国船舶引航的相关法律问题。首先就引航的概念、性质,以及引航体制、引航制度、引航员管理等方面,系统分析了我国的现状、存在的问题、发达国家的先进经验,提出了我国引航制度发展、改革的建议;从准确定位引航机构的性质、建立与海运发达国家相接轨的引航制度、合理制定引航费收价格等几个方面提出对策。然后就强制引航与非强制引航重点做了分析研究。我国法律将引航分为强制引航和非强制引航。强制引航规定所有悬挂外国旗的船舶当在我国规定强制引航的区域航行时或在我国港口靠、离泊或移泊时必须申请我国引航机构的引航。强制引航是国家主权的象征,是一种行政行为。非强制引航是悬挂我国国旗船舶的船舶所有人或承运人与引航机构在协商一致的基础上达成的协议,是一种合同行为。由于强制引航和非强制引航在法律地位、性质、责任等各方面都有所不同,本论文在对其分别论述的基础上,还就其间的区别进行了分析。本论文认为:强制引航是一种行政行为,相对人没有选择的余地,而在非强制引航中应当适用我国《合同法》以及我国《民法通则》的有关规定。本论文分别对强制引航及非强制引航的地位、性质、法律责任做了论述并对二者进行了比较,分析了强制引航的主权性、行政性以及非强制引航的合同性。同时对引航员与船长之间的法律关系进行了分析研究。在讨论强制引航过失损害赔偿和非强制引航过失损害赔偿的性质的基础上对二者的法律责任进行了分析,指出非强制引航过失损害引航机构应当承担经济赔偿责任。但是在确立非强制引航中引航员和引航机构应当承担赔偿责任的同时为了保护引航业也为了我国航运业的持续发展,在非强制引航过失损害中不应当由引航机构或引航员单独承担经济赔偿责任而应当建立相应的对引航员和引航机构的保护措施。最后就引航与VTS交管系统的法律关系,分析了我国的现状、存在的问题、发达国家的先进经验。本论文随后讨论了非强制引航经济赔偿制度的建立以及责任保护、责任限额。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pilotage ,once called water leading, Port leading, Water taking, or River leading, means that in the port, the canal, the entry of river, the difficult navigating channel, or the inland river, special person boards one vessel (he is not a seaman of the vessel),and provides the captain advice about the safety navigation things to the destination, or conducts the vessel in lieu of captain without releasing the responsibility of captain maneuvering the vessel, Pilotage, with regard to guarantee vessels safety navigating, vessels turnover rate, port operating rate, keep navigating order, and safeguard water area environment, plays an important role. In another place, pilotage relates with national sovereignty and national defense confidential.In this paper the comparative and case study are used to research the related legal issues of vessel pilotage. firstly, with regard to the concept of pilotage,the property of pilotage,the structure of pilotage,the system of pilotage,and the pilot management,systems analysis are used to find the present condition of our country,the existent problems,the advanced experiences of developed country, putting forward the suggestion of development,reform of the pilotage system;The countermeasures proposals deal with the exactly position of the pilotage organization, the establishment of pilotage system connected with developed country, the establishment of reasonable pilotage fee. secondly,put the emphasis on the research of compulsory pilotage and exempt pilotage. Our country’s laws divide pilotage to compulsory pilotage and exempt pilotage. Compulsory pilotage formulate all foreign vessel to apply compulsory pilotage when the vessel sailing in the compulsory area, alongside the berth, leaving the berth and shifting the berth. Compulsory pilotage is a symbol of our country’s sovereignty. It is a administrative action. Exempt pilotage is a agreement between the ship’s owner whose ship must hang Chinese flag and pilot organization, it is a contract. Our country’s law does not set apart the difference between the compulsory pilotage and the exempt pilotage, but because of the difference between the compulsory pilotage and the exempt pilotage in status, character and responsibility. Compulsory pilotage is a administrative action, the captain does not have other choice. Exempt pilotage should suit for the contract law and the civil law. In this paper narrate the status, character, and the responsibility of the compulsory pilotage and the exempt pilotage. The paper also analyzes the character of the compulsory pilotage’s sovereignty and the character of the exempt pilotage’s contract. The paper stress to analyze the legal relationship between pilot and captain. The writer also analyzes the responsibility of the compulsory pilotage and the exempt pilotage. It formulate that the pilot organization should pay for the damage of their fault. but to protect the pilot and the pilot station, the law should formulate a system to reduce the responsibility of the pilot and the pilot station, also the measure should be made to protect the pilot and pilot organization to avoid the risk of economic indemnify for their fault.Lastly, with regard to the legal relationship between pilotage and VTS, analyze the present condition, the existent problems, and the advanced experience of developed country. Discuss the establishment of economic indemnify for the exempt pilotage and the protection of responsibility, the limitation of responsibility.更多还原