【作者】 王俊玲；

【导师】 王刚；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii）属于松科（Pinaceae）落叶松属（Larix），分布于华北地区，是优良的用材和水源涵养树种之一。六盘山林区主要植被类型为温性针叶林和落叶阔叶林。六盘山地区由于长期以来人类对生物资源的过度开发，使得该区域的生物多样性降低，生物资源匮乏，生态环境退化趋势加重。生物多样性的变化强烈地影响生态系统的性质以及生态系统为人类提供的产品和服务功能。70年代初，林区开始大规模造林进行森林植被恢复治理，所用树种主要是华北落叶松、油松和青海云杉等，其中华北落叶松的造林面积最大。本文通过对六盘山华北落叶松群落的生物多样性、生产力、个体和林分生长量进行研究，试图为该区生态系统的恢复与重建、生物多样性的保护与持续利用等提供一定的科学依据。主要结果如下：（1）分析了三种不同类型的华北落叶松林群落中的植物多样性、生产力及其相互关系。结果表明：华北落叶松纯林多样性最小，而落叶松阔叶混交林多样性较大。华北落叶松纯林内的植物种数仅为混交林的53％-60％。落叶松-阔叶混交林总生物量为华北落叶松纯林的152．71％；落叶松-油松-阔叶混交林总生物量为华北叶松纯林的72．14％。落叶松-油松-阔叶混交林乔木层生物量占其总生物量的比例最大，而华北落叶松纯林最小。三种林型中，草本层生物量所占比例最小。伴生树种类型是决定人工华北落叶松混交林多样性和生产力的主要因素。伴生树种是阔叶树，其林地生产力比伴生种有油松等针叶树种的生产力高。在三种不同的落叶松林中，多样性与生产力均表现为正的幂指数函数关系，物种多样性和生产力之间的相关关系达到了显著水平。本文所研究的多样性和生产力之间的关系与许多学者的研究结论所认可的单峰关系不一致，也许只是在单峰关系的左半边，即处于上升阶段。（2）分析了三种不同类型的华北落叶松群落土壤养分状况，结果表明：表层土壤中，华北落叶松混交林下土壤的全氮、速效氮含量均高于华北落叶松纯林，分别比华北落叶松纯林提高0．08 g·kg^-1、0．02 g·kg^-1和提高17．08mg·kg^-1、13．21 mg·kg^-1。全磷和速效磷含量三种林型无明显差异，速效磷含量和有机质以华北落叶松阔叶混交林最大，为11．72 g·kg^-1和0．49 g·kg^-1，油松-落叶松-阔叶混交林有机质含量最小，仅为5．98 g·kg^-1。在不同深度土层三种不同林型的比较中，落叶松纯林与落叶松阔叶混交林在0-20cm土层的有机质、全氮、速效氮及全磷都高于其它土层，而20-40cm土层速效磷的含量比其它土层高，说明华北落叶松纯林和落叶松阔叶混交林都有在土壤表层富集大多数养分的作用，针阔混交林的有机质、全氮、速效氮明显高于落叶松纯林。（3）通过所调查数据推算了华北落叶松20a-25a五年间的生长状况，绘制了胸径、树高、材积生长曲线，结果表明：三种曲线均与多项式曲线拟合的相关性最好，并拟合得出三种因子五年间的生长方程，即：胸径生长方程D=-0．0857 a²+4．4343a-44．129（R²=0．9276）；树高生长方程H=0．5089 a²-21．23a-234．9（R²=0．9866）；材积生长方程V=0．0016 a²-0．0414a-1．1414（R²=0．9800）。（4）采用森林生长的直接估算方法估测了华北落叶松人工林5a后直径分布和林分生长动态，得知华北落叶松林5a后的蓄积量为374．764 m³，5a的蓄积增长量为21．23 m³。连年生长量为4．25 m³。连年生长率达1．17％，林分蓄积处于上升过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Larix principis-rupprechtii （abbreviated name: L-p-r） belongs to the genus of Pinus, family of Pinaceae. It is endemic specie in northern China area and it is one of the species which is a good timber and good for water conservation. The vegetation is dominated by temperate coniferous forest and deciduous broadleaved forest in Liupan Mountain. For a long period of over-exploitation of biological resources, the biological diversity decreased, biological resources scarced and ecological environment degradated in the Liupan Mountain. The changes in the eco-biodiversity are strongly influence products and services supplied by nature. While a large-scale forest afforestation campaign was lanunched in the early 1970s. L-p-r, Pinus tabulaeformis and Picea carassifolia are the main tree species, of which the afforestation area of L-p-r is the largest. Through the study on the L-p-r plantation community biodiversity, productivity, growth of individual and stands, the paper intends to provide a scientific basis for the ecosystem restoration and reconstruction, the protection of biodiversity and sustainable use, and reasonable plantation in Liupan Mountain area.The main results are as follows:（1） We analyzed the diversity, productivity of three different types of L-p-r forests and their correlation. The result indicated that the diversity of L-p-r was minimum while that of deciduous broad leaved forest was higher. The richness of pure forest was about 53%-60% that of deciduous broad leaved forest, and total biomass of broad leafed mixed forest was 152.71% that of pure forest. Accompanying species was the main decisive factor to species diversity and productivity. Species diversity and productivity of accompanying species were higher than accompanying species belong to Pinus tabulaeformis. In this article, the species diversity and productivity was always manifested as power index function, and the correlativity between the species diversity and productivity presents a remarkable level. The relations between the species diversity and productivity studied in the article was inconsistent with the unimodal relationship which many scholars approved, perhaps only on the left of the unimodal relationship, i.e., in the ascending stage.（2） The soil nutrient status of three different types of L-p-r forests were analyzed. The result indicated that total nitrogen and available nitrogen contents of L-p-r mixed forest is higher than L-p-r pure forest in the surface soil, which was improved 0.08g·kg^-1,0.02 g·kg^-1 and 17.08mg·kg^-1, 13.21mg·kg^-1 individually more than L-p-r. There was no significant difference in total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents availablity in three forests. And there were largest available phosphorus and organic matter contents in L-p-r mixed forest.And the contents were 11.72g·kg^-1 and 0.49g·kg^-1. But only L-p-r-Pinus tabulaeformis-broadleaved forest had the lowest organic matter content; that was 5.98g·kg^-1. The comparison of soil at different depths of the three different forest types, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and nitrogen availablity were higher than any other soil depths of L-p-r pure forest and broadleafed mixed forest in 0-20cm soil depth. But available phosphorus content of 20-40cm soil depth was higher than any other soil depths. The results showed that L-p-r mixed forest and L-p-r enriched most nutrient on the soil surface; organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen of L-p-r mixed forest were higher than L-p-r pure forest significantly.（3） The growth conditions of 20-25a L-p-r forest in five years were estimated and the diameter, height, volume growth curves were drew. The result indicated that three curves were the best fitting with the correlativity of polynomial curve. And the equations of the three factors in five years growth as follows:DBH growth equation D= -0.0857 a²+4.4343a-44.129（R²=0.9276）; Height growth equation H=0.5089 a²-21.23 a-234.9（R²=0.9866）; Volume growth equation V=0.0016 a²-0.0414 a- 1.1414（R²=0.9800）.（4） The diameter distribution and stand growth dynamics of the L-p-r plantation in Sa was estimated by using direct estimation.The result indicated that the volume of L-p-r forest in Sa was 374.764 m³, accumulating volume was 21.23m³, and annual growth was 4.25m³. The growth rate was 1.17 percente and the stand-growth has been increased.更多还原