【作者】 张金龙；

【导师】 李晶； 马克平；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 植物学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 早春类短命植物是生长在温带阔叶落叶林以及针阔混交林林下的多年生草本植物,它们能在早春积雪融化之时迅速开花、随即展叶并结实,在40-60天内完成地上部分的生长,之后地上部分在林冠层阔叶树展叶时迅速枯萎。本研究通过通过1查阅标本采集记录,2搜集植物志,3论文文献资料中关于早春类短命植物的分布记录,结合野外调查,分析汇总得到东北地区早春类短命植物的种类。从区系方面,发现东北地区有早春类短命27种,3变种,在科一级的水平上最为丰富的科为毛茛科(Ranunculaceae),占总种数的53.33%,此外百合科(Liliaceae)20.00%,罂粟科(Papaveraceae)13.33%,五福花科(Adoxaceae)6.67%,小檗科(Berberidaceae)3.33%,龙胆科(Gentianaceae)3.33%。在属一级水平上,银莲花属(Anemone)占绝对优势,占总数的26.67%,紫堇属(Corydalis)13.33%,侧金盏花属(Adonis)10.00%,顶冰花属(Gagea)10.00%和五福花属(Adoxa)占6.67%,其余为葱属(Allium),拟扁果草属(Enemion),菟葵属(Eranthis),猪牙花属(Erythronium),贝母属(Fritillaria),龙胆属(Gentiana),牡丹草属(Gymnospermium),獐耳细辛属(Hepatica),扁果草属(Isopyrum),毛茛属(Ranunculus)各占3.33%。种的分布区类型主要为中国东北分布和中国日本分布。在分布格局方面,根据现有种分布地点,利用ARCGIS 9.0绘制各县早春类短命植物密度图,结果表明,早春类短命植物分布最为密集的区域位于辽宁东北部的宽甸、桓仁、吉林省吉林哈达岭和黑龙江省东南部大青山地区。利用SPSS13.0对东北地区早春类短命植物分布区计算Jaccard相似性指数,并绘制树状图,结果表明:同一个属的不同种植物分布区的差别较大。对从分属于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、北京、天津的21个具有完整植物名录的地点的总种类和早春类短命植物种类选用Jaccard指数进行了聚类分析。结果表明这21个地点的总种类可分为6支:1红松阔叶林北缘支;2长白山支;3三江平原支;4华北支;5西部草原支;6大兴安岭支。而早春类短命植物的相似性可以分为4支1长白支;2三江平原支;3周边一支;4周边二支。利用ARC-GIS 9.0软件对早春类短命植物密度空间插值分析后发现,在黑龙江帽儿山,吉林长白山和辽宁老秃顶子形成三个密度中心。早春类短命植物比例最高的是凉水地区,认为与该地点的过渡性有关。通过绘制早春类短命植物各分布地点的26个气候因子散点图,展示早春类短命植物生态位在每个维度的生态幅。对21个地点植物总种数、早春类短命植物的种数、早春类短命植物的种数占总种数的比例k值及与10个生态因子进行了回归分析。对早春类短命植物的种数与10个环境因子进行了回归分析,发现早春类短命植物的种数和年降水呈显著正相关,降水是控制早春类短命植物密度的主导因子。对28个生态因子进行主成分分析后表明,前三个主成分已经包括了全部信息的88.06%,其中第一主成份主要体现了气温,第二主成份主要体现了降水的信息,因此认为降水和温度是控制早春类短命植物的关键因素。利用ARCGIS 9.0绘制了30种(变种)早春类短命植物分布点纪录图,进而用DIVA-GIS进行潜在分布区预测,以及气温升高1℃,2℃,5℃后潜在分布区的变化。结果表明,小兴安岭南部及完达山地区早春草本植物调查还不够充分,温度升高后,早春类短命植物的潜在分布区均缩小或者出现破碎化,气温升高5℃后,其中一部分种类将会出现灭绝。更多还原

【Abstract】 Spring ephemerals are understory perennial herbs which grow in temperate broadleaf forest, and in mixed broadleaf-conifer forest. They appeared just after snow melt. Their fruits quickly got ripened in 40 to 60 days before the canopy’s close. The above-ground parts got perished when the leaves of the trees and shrubs grows.Local flora and specimens’collecting information of spring ephemerals in northeastern China were thoroughly surveyed, and a full checklists of 30 species of spring ephemerals in northeastern China were reported. Ranunculaceae is the most abundant family in spring ephemerals(53.33%). 20.00% of them falls into Liliaceae, and Papavaraceae 13.33%,Adoxaceae 6.67%,Berberidaceae 3.33%,Gentianaceae 3.33%.Anemone is the most predominant 26.67%,Corydalis 13.33%,Adonis 10.00%, Gagea10.00%, Adoxa6.67%, Allium, Enemion, Eranthis, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Gentiana, Gymnospermium, Hepatica, Isopyrum, Ranunculus are each about 3.33%. Most of the species’distribution types are Northeastern China type and China-Japan type.Kuandian, and Huanshen, in Liaoning Province, Jinlinhada Montains in Jilin Province and Daqingshan in Heilongjiang Province are the most abundant areas in spring ephemerals.The relationships of spring ephemerals’distribution were analyzed in SPSS 13.0, using hierarchical analysis, Jaccard’s index, and the dendrongram were obtained. Differences were significant among each genera of spring ephemerals’distribution range.Hierarchical analysis shows the compostion of 21 localities can be divided into 6 branches, which can be defined as:1 Northern edge of Korean pine broadleaf mixed forests’brach 2 Changbaishan Moutain branch, 3 Sanjiang plain branch 4 Huabei branch 5Hulun Buir grassland branch 6 Great Xing’An mountain branch.While the similarity of spring ephemerals can be divided into 4 braches: changbai, Sanjiang Plain, Border branch I, Border branch II, which is different from the results of hierarchical analysis of total species.Spatial analysis shows that Maoershan (Heilongjiang), Changbaishan (Jilin), Laotudingzi (Liaoning) are the core regions of spring ephemerals density. The ratio of spring ephemeral species to total species if highest around Liangshui in Heilongjiang province, and the causes the phenomena were deduced.The ecological amplitude of spring ephemeral to 26 ecological factors were showen in scatter plots.Linear and quadratic regression analysis were implemented in Microsoft Excel 2003 between spring ephemeral species’richness, total number of species and k index,which defined as the ratio of number of species/total number of species with 10 environmental factors. The results shows that the number spring ephemerals were positive correlated with annual mean precipitation R2=0.513.Results of principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the first, the second, and the third principle component represents 88.06% of all of the 28 climatic factors. The first component mainly relates with represents temperature, and the second component mainly represents precipitation, which indicates that the richness of spring ephemerals were significantly affected by temperature and precipitation.Specimen colleting data of 30 species of spring ephemerals were mapped using ARCGIS 9.0 and potential distribution ranges d, and the potential distribution ranges when temperature rises 1℃, 2℃and 5℃, of each spring ephemeral species were predicted using DIVA-GIS. The results show that Minor Xing’An Mountain region were not enough explored, further investigation should be organized. Potential distribution ranges of all the spring ephemerals will be significantly reduced and facing severely fragmentation. Some species will become extinct when temperature +5℃.更多还原