【作者】 张丽娟；

【导师】 宋文辉；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本文拟以《现代汉语词典》(第5版)为研究对象,对其中的一类词——动词的释义元语言进行研究,以考查动词释义元语言的句法语义结构类型的分布,提出动词释义元语言的句法语义规则,以期为辞书的释义,进而为辞典编纂的理论与实践提供一些参考意见。已有研究所作的释义模式分析仅仅是基于释义语言的形式特征的,释义语言的特征和被释词的特征之间的关联被忽视,同时也忽视了固定的释义模式内部释义特征方面的再分类。本研究立足于科学性、系统性原则,运用人工和机器结合、实例验证、定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,对动词的释义模式进行全方位、封闭式研究,建构出动词释义元语言的句法语义规则。通过分析,我们得出:1.《现汉》动词释义的优选模式是采用与被释词象似结构类型的释义语言,非优选释义模式为不象似的释义语言。2.动宾式动词释义语言的优选模式是语义解释或语义解释的核心为动宾结构的释义语言,语词对释首选动宾型语词,“短语结构”释义首选“动宾结构”短语,“语句式”释义首选“核心为动宾结构,带有限定部分和附加信息”的语句式。非优选模式为语义解释或语义解释的核心为其他结构的释义语言。释义指示语的优选释义模式为首选的“指”类指示语和次选的“比喻”,两类都首选位置在释义语言首句开头的用法。“指”类指示语首选“指”,次选“泛指”。3.释义元语言研究的根本意义在于提高词典释义的有效性。作为一种解释词语特征的言语行为,动宾型动词的释义元语言应该遵循一系列构成性规则。通过对《现代汉语词典》动宾型动词的释义元语言的初步探讨,我们得出动宾型动词释义元语言是遵循以下原则的:第一,系统性原则。系统性也就是象似性,象似的程度越高,释义语言越能更为清晰地揭示被释词词义的构造方式和构造过程。经过统计,7656条动宾型动词的释义语言中,象似的有5005条,约占动宾型动词总数的65.37%,不象似的有2651条,约占动宾型动词总数的34.63%。第二,平行性原则。被释词和释词的词性一致,经过统计,7656条动宾型动词的释义中,只有0.26%为名词性释义,动词性释义所占比例约为99.74%;被释词和释词的语义结构一致,释义语言重在揭示被释词的语义结构。《现汉》中同为动宾结构的动词,由于宾语语素所充当的语义角色不同,释义语言的句法结构就可能会有所不同,通过分析,我们发现释义语言除了动宾结构以外,还有很多其他结构。第三,经济性原则。释义语言应该清晰、准确、简短,这样可以使学习过程更为便捷。在7656条动宾型动词的释义语言中,语词对释有1259条,“短语结构”释义有4594条,这两种方式都比较简短、经济,共有5853条,约占动宾型动词释义语言总数的76.45%。而带有限定部分和附加信息的语句式仅有1803条,约占动宾型动词释义语言总数的23.55%。第四,便于释义的原则。任何一个规则都不是绝对的,如果按照一般规则不方便解释被释词,那么就需要采用便于释义的模式。第五,篇章规则。语义解释和附加信息为两个独立的部分。语义解释一般应位于首句,而附加知识则在其后。经统计,在1803条“语句式”释义语言中,共有1224条带有附加信息。语义解释和附加信息各自独立的有1164条,约占附加信息总数的95.10%;语义解释在先,附加信息在后的情况有894条,约占附加信息总数的73.04%。语义解释部分应该有一定比较实在的语义内容。4.《现汉》(第5版)动词释义有待改进的问题是:第一,释义指示语在一些复杂的情况下,还应该加强使用,“旧指”、“旧时指”还需要进行进一步的统一。第二,用联合结构释义时,表现形式应该有所统一,应该用两个词连写的形式来表现联合结构。第三,同义词对释的还需要进一步修正,应该先出现的词独立解释,然后用先出现的词解释后出现的词。第四,个别释义语言应该适当地利用标点符号以使其更为清晰。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis makes a syntactic and semantic rules of the explanational meta-language reserach on V-N compounds, in Modern Chinese Dictionary(the 5th edition), and we hope the study can provide some reference for the paraphrase of the dictionary.The related studies are not make a completed research on the the words which categories are marked,and only based on the surface of the meta-language’s characteristics. The related studies also don’t pay attention to the relation between the verbs and the explanational meta-language.This thesis makes a completed research on the interpretation model according Scientific and Systemic principles、integration of artificial and machines、certification of examples and the combining of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis,and puts forward syntactic and semantic rules of the explanational meta-language reserach on V-N compounds.According to the analysis,we find the preferred modle of V-N compounds’s paraphrase following the Similarity princinples and put forward the shortcomings in paraphrase of the verbs in Modern Chinese Dictionary(the 5th edition):Firstly, the preferred modle of the verb’s paraphrase following the Similarity princinples,the non-preferred modle is non-similarity explanational meta-language.Secondly, the preferred modle of V-N compounds’s paraphrase is the V+object structure.Thirdly,the syntactic and semantic rules of the explanational meta-language reserach on V-N compounds word are the following:(1) Systemic.This princinples also can say Similarity.The more similar,the more clearly show the verb’s construction methods and process.There are 7656 paraphrasings ,and in which 5005 paraphrasings are similar,and these account for 65.37%.(2) Parallel.The quality of V-N compounds is parallel with the quality of paraphrase which accounts for 99.74%.The structure of V-N compounds is parallel with the structure of the paraphrase.⑶Economic.The paraphrase could be clear、correct、short which can make the study convenient.There are 1259 words paraphrase and 4594 phrases paraphrase in 7656 V-N compounds which account for 76.45% in all. ⑷To explain conveniently.Non principle is absolute,if explain is not conveniently with the usual principles,it can use other methods to explain.⑸Text rules.Semantic parts and Additive parts are independent parts which accounts for 95.10%,and Semantic parts which Additive parts after it are always in front of the paraphrase which accounts for 73.04%.Finally,we put forward the shortcomings in the paraphrase of the verbs in Modern Chinese Dictionary(the 5th edition).1.The Instruction words should be reinforced in complicated situation.2.The form of explanation which use the parallel structure should be unified.3. The Synonymous words explaination shoud be noticed,the words which appear firstly should be explained firstly and also the secondly appears should be explained secondly.4.The Punctuation should be used in some place in order to make the sentence more clear.更多还原