【作者】 孙娅静；

【导师】 姚军虎；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 动物营养与饲料科学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究分两部分,第一部分通过采样分析常用饲料原料中微量元素含量及变异,提供蛋鸡常用饲料原料微量元素含量背景资料;第二部分根据西北典型日粮微量元素含量特点,研究蛋鸡产蛋阶段铜、铁、锌、锰不同添加水平对生产性能、血浆指标、蛋品质及粪便中微量元素含量的影响。试验一选择来自全国的11种117个常见饲料原料(分别为玉米、小麦、麸皮、DDGS、玉米蛋白粉、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、鱼粉、石粉、磷酸氢钙),采用原子吸收法测定Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的含量。结果表明,矿物质饲料中Fe、Zn、Mn含量较高,蛋白质饲料次之,能量饲料最低;Cu含量蛋白质饲料最高,矿物质饲料次之,能量饲料最低。矿物质饲料中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn含量变异较大,尤其是石粉,其中Zn、Mn含量的变异系数分别为161.93%和62.17%;蛋白质饲料中菜粕所含的Cu、Fe变异较大,分别为48.19%和61.37%,DDGS和玉米蛋白粉中Zn变异较大,分别为56.60%和56.83%,Mn含量变异较大的是DDGS和鱼粉,分别为50.37%和62.17%,鱼粉中Fe含量变异也很大,最大为77.25%;能量饲料所含四种微量元素的含量相对较低,变异相对也较小。根据西北典型蛋鸡产蛋期配方计算,基础日粮提供的Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn均超过了NRC(1994)的推荐标准,其中Fe超标最严重,其次是Zn与Cu,Mn与标准相当,而且日粮50.49%的铁和66.47%的锰来自钙磷补充料(石粉和磷酸氢钙),Cu和Zn主要来自能量饲料和蛋白质饲料。试验二1500只22周龄罗曼褐壳产蛋鸡随机分为20处理,每处理75只,采用1/2实施的四因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn添加水平对生产性能、血液指标及蛋品质的影响,试验持续12周。结果表明,产蛋率和产蛋量第12组最差(P<0.05);破蛋率第9组较高;平均采食量各处理差异不显著;料蛋比第15组得到显著改善(P<0.05),其余各处理组差异不显著;回归分析表明,料蛋比与锰的添加水平呈显著正相关(y=0.001x+2.519, P<0.01),破蛋率与铜添加水平呈显著负相关(Y=-0.027x+1.546, P<0.01);RBC和Hct第12组最低(P<0.05), Hb第16组显著低于第13组(P<0.05);总SOD第5组、第16组显著低于第3组(P<0.05);血浆AKP和Cu-ZnSOD各处理组差异不显著;蛋黄中Cu含量第2组、第8组最低(P<0.05),Zn含量第11组最低(P<0.05),其余各组差异不显著,蛋黄胆固醇及Fe、Mn含量各处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。排泄物中微量元素含量均高于饲粮中含量,但两者间无明显的相关关系。综合本试验结果,表明饲料原料中微量元素含量变化不一,其中Fe变异幅度最大,其次是Zn和Mn,Cu相对稳定,生产中应根据基础日粮含量特点补充微量元素,使微量元素平衡且不过量。产蛋鸡阶段,微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的不同添加水平及组合影响产蛋鸡生产性能及血浆指标;微量元素间存在复杂的相互作用关系,饲粮中微量元素含量与鸡蛋或排泄物中相应元素含量无明显的相关性。总体而言,本试验的基础日粮背景下推荐的微量元素添加水平为:Cu 33.64、Fe 100.92、Zn 67.28、Mn 50.46 mg/kg。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study includes two experiments; the first one was to analyze content of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in those feedstuffs with widely used in practical laying production. The second experiment was to investigate the effects of trace mineral supplemental levels on the production performance, plasma, egg quality and trace mineral contents of excretion in laying hens.In Exp.1, one hundred and seventeen samples of eleven feedstuffs (including corn, wheat, wheat bran, rice bran, distiller’s dried grain soluble, corn gluten meal, fish meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cotton seed meal, limestone, and dicalicium phosphate) covers seven geographical regions in China was collected to examine the Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following wet digestion, then estimate the variation of trace mineral concentrations. Results showed that for the Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, limestone and phosphate were much higher than those contained protein feed sources (soybean meal, rape seed meal and so on), and energy feed sources contained the least by comparison. However, for the copper concentration, protein feedstuffs is the richest followed by limestone or phosphate, and energy sources contained the least. There is a large variation of trace mineral concentration even in the same feedstuff, for example the CV of Zn and Mn in limestone is 161.93% and 62.17%, respectively. The CV of Cu and Fe in rapeseed meal is 48.19% and 61.37%, respectively. Zn’s CV in the DDGS and fish meal is 50.37% and 62.17%, respectively. Fe’s CV in fish meal is 77.25%. when comparing copper, iron, zinc and manganese requirement suggested by NRC and concentrations in feedstuffs,Fe is the most excessive and followed by Cu, Zn and Mn. Limestone and phosphate contribute as much as 50.49% and 66.47% of the requirement of Fe and Mn,respectively, the majority of Cu and Zn came from energy and protein sources.In Exp.2, one thousand and five hundred females of an egg-laying strain (20 wk old, Lohmann Brown) were used by the quadratic general rotary unitized design (four factors, half done). Copper, iron, zinc and manganese were all supplied in the form of sulfate, and the experiment will be conducted till 35 week of age. The results showed that the 12 treatment has the badly rate and amount of egg production (P<0.05), the 9 treatment has the highest rate of broken eggs (P<0.05), feed:egg obtained improved in the 12 treatment, trace mineral supplementation did not affect the feed intake for laying hens. The results indicated that there was significant positive relation beween the feed:egg and the supplemental levels of manganese(y=0.001x+2.519, P<0.01)but significant negtive relation beween the rate of broken eggs and supplemental levels of copper(Y=-0.027x+1.546, P<0.01).The 12 treatment’s RBC and Hct is the lowest in all treatment(P<0.05), AKP and Cu-Zn SOD did not response with the various supplementations of the four minerals, the content of cholesterol,Fe, Mn did not response with different levels of the four minerals in the egg yolks, the content of Zn and Cu in egg yolk differed significantly. The contents of trace minerals in excreta were higher than thoes in diets, but there was no significant correlation beween them.Based on results of the present research, The contents of trace minerals in feedstuff were in various changes, and the iron varied the most and followed by zinc and manganese, however, copper showed a relatively consistent concentrations. There is a large variation of trace mineral concentration even in the same feedstuff. So trace mineral supplementation should be considered based on the basal concentrations. There was complicated interaction among trace minerals and no significant correlation between the contents of trace minerals in feedstuff and thoes in eggs and excreta. In the laying period, the level of copper, iron, zinc and manganese affected production and plasma indicator of laying hens. On the base of practical diets, the recommended supplemental levels of trace minerals were Cu 33.64, Fe 100.92, Zn 67.28, Mn 50.46 mg/kg。更多还原