【作者】 刘辉；

【导师】 杨建昌；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 水稻是我国的最重要的粮食作物之一。实现水稻超高产对保障国家粮食安全和社会稳定有重要战略意义。而阐明水稻超高产群体特征和养分吸收特征,对实现水稻超高产有重要作用。为此,本研究以中熟粳稻为材料,对超高产栽培水稻（简称超高产水稻）群体特征和养分吸收特征进行了研究。主要结果如下:1、超高产水稻的群体特征与高产水稻(产量:8～9 t hm^-2,CK)相比,超高产水稻(产量:>12 t hm^-2)每穗颖花数多,结实率高,千粒重与CK无显著差异;超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少,但分蘖成穗率较高;超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累,生育前期较CK低,抽穗期与CK无显著差异,抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘非结构碳水化合物运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK;超高产水稻花后叶面积指数（LAI）、剑叶叶绿素含量（SPAD）、光合速率（Pr）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）均显著高于对照,非光化学猝灭系数（qN）显著低于对照。提出中熟粳稻超高产(>12 t hm^-2)群体的生育诊断指标:总颖花量>5.2×104 m^-2,结实率>90%,千粒重>26 g;茎蘖成穗率>80%,抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0,全生育期光合势>5×106 m2 d hm^-2,成熟期总干重>22 t hm^-2,收获指数>0.50;抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶（cm²）] >0.58,根冠比>0.25,根系伤流量>5 g m^-2 h-1。2、超高产水稻养分吸收特征与对照相比,超高产栽培水稻在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前N的吸收量较低,拔节后的吸氮量较高;磷的吸收量在各生育期均高于对照,中后期尤为明显;K的吸收量在有效分蘖临界叶龄期以前,超高产稻与对照差异很小,自拔节起,前者明显高于后者。每生产1000 kg稻谷所吸收的N、P、K,超高产中粳稻分别为21.6～21.9 kg、6.7～7.2 kg和24.8～25.6 kg,对照为23.8～24.3kg、6.8～7.3 kg和27.4～29.0 kg。3、水稻超高产的主要的技术途径和关键技术实现水稻超高产的技术途径:稳穗足粒扩大产量库容,提高茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比改善群体质量,增加糖花比/糖粒比提高籽粒库活性,培育健壮根系提高结实期物质生产能力,促进物质运转提高收获指数。关键栽培技术为:壮苗培育技术,实地精确施肥栽培技术,精确定量节水灌溉技术。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding （SHY） has great significance in ensuring food security and society stability. The elucidation of the characteristics of population and nutrient absorption plays an important role in realization of SHY. This study investigated the population characteristics, nutrient absorption and key cultivation techniques. The main results are as follows:1. Population Characteristics of SHY rice Super-high-yielding rice (grain yield>12 t hm^-2) had more spikelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (grain yield 8～9t hm^-2, CK). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the SHY and the CK. SHY rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage （from transplanting to jointing）, while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, when compared with the CK. The leaf area index,photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation were lower for the SHY rice than those for the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, and translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths, and harvest index of SHY rice were greater than those of CK. The leaf area index （LAI）, chlorophyll content （SPAD value）, photosynthetic rate （Pr） and PS II electron transport efficiency （Fv/Fm） of SHY rice were greater than those of CK, while nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （qN） was lower than that of CK. The indexes for the growth and development of SHY (grain yield > 12 t hm^-2) mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e, total spikelets > 5.2×104 m^-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g, ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5～8.0, photosynthetic potential during the whole growth period > 5×106 m2 d hm^-2, total dry matter weight at maturity > 22 t hm^-2, harvest index > 0.50, grain-leaf ratio （No. of spikelets per cm2 leaf area） > 0.58, root-shoot ratio at heading > 0.25, and amount of root exudates > 5 g m^-2 h-1.2. Characteristics of nutrient absorption and accumulation for SHY rice Compared with high-yielding cultivation （CK）, plants of SHY rice absorbed and accumulated less nitrogen （N） before the critical stage of productive tillers and more N after the jointing stage, especially at later growth stages. There was no significant difference in potassium （K） absorption and accumulation between the SHY and the CK before the critical stage of productive tillers, whereas SHY plants absorbed more K than in the CK from jointing to maturity. The amount absorbed of N, P, and K for producing 1000 kg grains was 21.6～21.9 kg,6.7～7.2 kg, and 24.8～25.6 kg, respectively, in SHY rice,and 23.8～24.3 kg,6.8～7.3 kg,and 27.4～29.0 kg,respectively,in the CK.3.Cultivation approaches and techniques for SHY Rice The main approaches to realizing super-high-yielding of rice included enlarging sink size through stabling panicle number and increasing spikelets per panicle, improving population quality through increasing the percentage of productive tillers and grain-leaf ratio, enhancing sink （grain） strength through increasing sugar-spikelet ratio or sugar-grain ratio, increasing matter production capacity through fostering a healthy and strong root system during the grain filling period, and increasing harvest index through enhancing remobilization of assimilates from vegetative tissues to grains. The key techniques were nursing strong-seedlings, site-specific nutrient management, precise and quantitative water-saving irrigation.更多还原