“二次革命”后的北京国会：以国民党议员为中心的考察（1913-1923）

【作者】 余杰；

【导师】 杨天宏；

【作者基本信息】 四川师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本项研究旨在以民初建立的国会政治为观察基点,通过考察“二次革命”后国民党籍留守议员构成变化以及在国会不同时期的政治活动和言论,结合当时舆论、反对派和不同利益团体的反应并联系世界范围内政制改革的潮流,部分重建国民党议员在国会的政治运作史实,挖掘国民党内政治人物和政治派别在国会政治上的不同主张与实践活动。本文第一章论述“二次革命”(1913年)失败后,国民党系议员分裂及其与国会关系的变化。本文认为尽管部分原同盟会的国民党议员出于各种原因选择离开国会,然而大部分国民党系议员,包括国会实力派议员则选择继续留在国会,寻求通过政治手段解决与执政当局的冲突。为此他们采取了一些力图缓解与反对党、政府以及袁世凯本人的政治动作,希冀在让渡部分利益的前提下,换取政党和国会的正常运转。不过,国民党留守议员的转变很大程度上难以适应现实政治的需要,随着袁世凯成为正式总统,国民党议员被迫暂时终止其政治生命。本文第二章论述国会重开后,国民党议员的构成变化及其与国会的关系。本文认为随着北洋系的崩坏,国内政治日益呈现“没有中心”的趋势。在此背景下,包括原国民党系议员在内的国会政治势力分化加剧,民元、二年“两党对恃”的政治局面不复存在。随着部分原国民系议员进入政府,国民党系议员中温和派别的成型,以及“不党主义”的口号甚嚣尘上,以国民党系为代表的在野力量有所削弱。由于国会没有实现改选,此时的政府难以依靠国会中的政党派别产生,政府与国会之间的关系遂日益紧张。由于国会中的保守型政党大多支持政府,因而趋向分裂但立场相对统一的国民系议员成为监督政府的重要力量,最终由“参战”问题引起的国会危机正是这种紧张的最后高潮。本文第三章论述国会再开后,国民党议员重回国会及其政治表现。本文认为20世纪20年代以后,一股来自西方世界的批评代议制的呼声,“革命”在激进思想的簇拥下重回近代中国政治舞台的中心。在各种形式的国会均遭失败之余,国民党不仅开始政党转型,而且更酝酿放弃代议制度。尽管部分国民党议员重回再度恢复的国会,但国民党议员已无意继续推动北京国会的正常运转,表现出日趋强硬的立场。原国会第一大政党的变化与国会制度的衰落形成呼应,近代中国的民主政治之路开始发生深刻改变。全文共分五个部分,凡六万五千余言。更多还原

【Abstract】 The basic clue of this paper is to study the constitute of Kuomintang councilman and their political activity and speech in different period times, partly to reconstruction the historical fact of the national legislature of political operation, to describe different claim and practice activity in Kuomintang domestic affairs to cure person and political groups.The first chapter discusses after the failure of "the second revolutions"(1913), the Kuomintang councilman abruption and they related with national legislature. This chapter explains that parts of Kuomintang councilman’s choices leaved national legislature, greatly parts of Kuomintang councilman’s choice to continue to stay in the national legislature and look for to solve through a political means with the conflict of the ruling authority. So they adopted some the dint diagram alleviate and opposition party, government and President Yuan. However, the change of Kuomintang was not able to satisfy the situation. The Kuomintang councilman temporarily compelled to terminate its political life.The second chapter discusses after Parliament reopened the constitute of Kuomintang councilman changed and they were relation with national legislature. This chapter explains that Chinese politics presented the trend of "no center" day by day. Under this background, include the Kuomintang councilman the national legislature political divided to turn worse. Because the national legislature didn’t hold a new election, the government was hard to depend on a political party group within national legislature creation, the relation of government and national legislature hence was more nervous. Because the conservative party mostly supported the government, as a result the councilman becomes a strength power to check and balance the government. The crisis caused by "join wars" problem was exactly this kind of end nervous.The third chapter discusses the national legislature reopened again, the Kuomintang councilman returned to Parliament and their political performance. This chapter explains that after the multiform national legislature encountered failure, the Kuomintang not only started a political party transformation, but also hatched more to give up parliamentary way. Though the parts of Kuomintang councilman returned to the national legislature, they were already not intended to continue normal operation of national legislature, and expressed a tough position. The change of Kuomintang that once was the biggest party in the Parliament accompanied with the failure of national legislature, the road of democracy started to take place a deep change in modern China.The thesis includes five parts, almost 65,000 words.更多还原