【作者】 薛程；

【导师】 徐宏发；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 林麝是我国的一级保护动物,因能分泌麝香而具有重要的经济价值。我国人工驯养林麝已有50年的历史,但圈养林麝的种群数量始终没有扩大,麝香产量无法满足市场需求。行为学研究是开展野生动物驯养的基础,林麝的行为学研究对于人工圈养麝的个体存活,种群增殖及驯养管理与保护都具有重要意义。本文从林麝的行为谱、各类行为的时间分配和频次、行为节律、行为多样性这四个方面对林麝的行为学进行了详细的研究,为人工圈养林麝的发展和改善提供了建议。2006年2月至2007年2月,在上海崇明东平养麝场,运用白天彩色,夜晚感红外黑白摄像机,对14只成年林麝(9雌5雄)进行全昼夜连续摄像观察。行为观察和数据记录采用目标动物取样法及全事件记录法。全年共观察记录到林麝59种行为,按生理学意义划分为8个行为类型,摄食行为、运动行为、休息行为、社会行为、繁殖行为、育幼行为、维持行为和排遗行为,编制了圈养林麝的行为谱,并对各种行为进行了描述性定义。对圈养林麝摄食行为、运动行为、休息行为、社会行为、维持行为和排遗行为六类行为的时间分配和频次进行了分析,并在四个季节内进行昼夜和不同性别间的比较。结果表明,林麝的休息行为、摄食行为、运动行为存在显著的昼夜差异。休息行为占所有行为的持续时间比重最大。林麝全天都有摄食行为发生,但在春季和冬季,林麝在夜间的摄食时间和频次显著高于白天。在春、秋、冬季,林麝在夜间的运动时间和频次高于白天。夏季和其他季节相反,其白天发生的运动时间和频次显著高于黑夜。运动行为时间比率在四个季节间有极显著差异,其中夏季最低。夏天的酷热,高温影响了林麝的运动行为,使其运动行为的时间和频次都大大地降低,甚至导致了林麝的行为异常。林麝的六类行为的时间分配和频次在性别间的比较发现,雌雄林麝休息行为时间比率都是交配季节(秋季、冬季)显著低于非交配季节(春季和夏季)。在春、夏、秋三季,雌麝的摄食时间比率高于雄麝,冬季雌麝略低于雄麝。由于春季和夏季是雌麝的妊娠期和育幼哺乳期,需要比雄麝更多的营养和能量;而雄麝在交配期会消耗大量的营养和能量,因此需要在交配季节后(冬季)进行及时地补充。夏季雌麝和雄麝都被关于4×6m的小围栏内,运动时间比率都为全年低。秋季林麝处于交配期,雌雄林麝都被围养于25×25m的大围栏内,两者运动时间比率相近。圈养环境的大小能够影响林麝的运动时间比率和频次。对林麝的摄食行为、运动行为、休息行为和活动行为的行为节律在春、夏、秋、冬进行比较研究后发现:林麝具有晨昏摄食高峰的现象,且夜间的摄食时间比率都高于白天。这与人工圈养的影响无关,表明林麝保留了野外觅食的部分时间习惯。除夏季外,春季、秋季和冬季,林麝的运动行为清晨高峰时间段与日出前一个半小时至日出前半小时基本吻合,而黄昏运动高峰时间段与日落前一个小时至日落时间基本吻合。由此推断林麝运动行为的节律,尤其是晨昏运动高峰现象,受外在昼夜交替因素的影响,与日出日落时间有明显的相关性。日出日落时间的季节性差异是造成林麝运动节律高峰季节间差异的主要因素之一。在夏季的黄昏,林麝运动高峰提前至下午15:00开始,且曲线的高峰部分,图形不是单高峰形态而是双高峰形态,高峰的绝对值也低于其它三个季度。高温对林麝的运动影响较大,不仅大大降低了运动行为的时间,同时也扰乱了林麝固有的全天运动节律。极端的高温也是行为节律的影响因素。林麝每天在9:00～14:00出现休息高峰。休息节律曲线在清晨和黄昏都是的明显的低谷。春季和冬季,林麝的活动节律出现明显的晨昏双高峰。夏季,林麝的黄昏活动高峰减弱并偏移至下午。秋季,林麝的清晨活动高峰缺失。林麝除晨昏活动高峰外还存在午夜活动次高峰。环境温度也是影响林麝日活动节律季节差异的主要原因之一。引入香浓威纳指数的计算方法而统计的行为多样性指数,为动物行为丰富性的判断提供了新的依据。本文对林麝行为多样性指数进行了昼夜、雌雄和四季的比较研究。结果表明:林麝行为多样性指数在昼夜间和不同性别间差异不大,但在季节间存在显著差异。四个季节中春季的行为多样性指数最高。崇明圈养林麝的多样性指数高于兴隆山圈养马麝,圈养环境和饲养模式的差异是两个主要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forest Musk Deer is a protective animal in first class in our country.It has greatly important economic value because it can secrete musk.It was more than 50 years for domesticating Musk Deer in our country,but the quantity of captive Musk Deer did not grow up.The product of musk can not meet the requirement of the market.The research of animal behavior is a basic work of domesticating wild animal.The research of behavior of Musk Deer has important effect on individual livability, species-growing up and the administration and protection of domesticating of Musk Deer.This dissertation did behavioral research on four aspect,ethogram,behavioral time budget and frequencies,behavioral rhythm and behavioral diversity.It gave advice for the development of captive Musk Deer.Fourteen captive adult Forest Musk Deer(9♀5♂)around 3-4 years old were observed from February 2006 to February 2007 in the Dongping Musk Deer Farm of the Chongming Island,Shanghai.For observation,the cinematograph with infrared was used for recording a continuous cycle of 24 hours.Focal sampling and all-occurrences recording were used for data sampling of the video recording.A total of 59 different kinds of behaviors were identified and grouped into eight behavioral types according by physiology,i.e.feeding behavior,locomotive behavior,resting behavior,social behavior,breeding behavior,parental behavior,maintenance behavior and elimination behavior.The behavioral time budget and frequencies of feeding behavior,locomotive behavior, resting behavior,social behavior,maintenance behavior and elimination behavior were analyzed in the dissertation.The results showed as following text.There were significant differences between day and night separately on resting behavior,feeding behavior,locomotive behavior.The resting behavior was the main behavior of the captive Musk Deer.The feeding behavior happened both in day and night.In spring and winter,the time ratio and frequency of feeding behavior wereboth higher at night than they at day.In spring,autumn and winter,the time ratio and frequency of locomotive behavior were both higher at night than they at day.There was an opposite situation in summer.In summer,the time ratio and frequency of locomotive behavior were both higher at day than at night.The time ratio of locomotive behavior was the lowest in summer in four season,and the differences were significant.Summer is very hot and the high temperature had much effect on the locomotive behavior of Musk Deer.High temperature in summer caused the disorder of the behavior of Musk Deer. The time ratio and frequency of six behaviors of Musk Deer were compared between female and male.The result shows that the time ratio of the resting behavior of both male and female Musk Deer were lower in breeding season(autumn and winter)than they in no-breeding season(spring and summer).In spring,summer and autumn, female deer spent more time in resting behavior than male.In winter,female deer spent less time in resting behavior than male.Science the female was pregnant in spring and suckling fawn in summer,they needed more energy than male.The male used much energy and nutrition in mating season,so they needed energy after mating season.In summer both female and male Musk Deer were enclosed in small enclosure of 4×6m.The time ratio of locomotive behavior was the lowest in whole year.In autumn,Musk Deer was in mating season,both female and male Musk Deer were enclosed in big enclosure of 25×25m,the time ratio of locomotive behavior of them were nearly same.The size of the environment of enclosure did have effect on the locomotive behavior.The time rhythm of feeding behavior,locomotive behavior,resting behavior and activity behavior were compared among four seasons.The result shows that Musk Deer had two peak of feeding behavior in a whole day.The first was at dawn and the second was at dusk.The time ratio of feeding behavior was higher at night than it at daytime.This phenomenon had no effect with the captive domesticating.Musk Deer remain the part of habit of feeding in wild.Despite the summer,in spring,autumn and winter,the peak of locomotive behavior which happened at dawn was the same time which was one hour and a half before the sunrise till the sunrise.The other peak of locomotive behavior which happened at dusk was the same time which was one hour before sunset till the sunset.It can be concluded that the rhythm of the locomotive behavior was infected by the factor of the turn of the day and night.It has correlation with the time of sunrise and sunset.The difference of the time of sunrise and sunset among seasons was the one of the main factors of the difference of locomotive peak among seasons.In summer dusk,the locomotive peak of Musk Deer moved up at 15:00 p.m.The shape of the peak was double peaks not the single peak.And the absolute value of the peak was the lowest among other three seasons.The high temperature not only depressed the locomotive time of Musk Deer but also disturbed the rhythm of the locomotive behavior.The abnormally high temperature also was the factor of behavioral rhythm.The resting peak of Musk Deer happened from 9:00 to 14:00 every day.The figure of resting rhythm was in low vale at dawn and dusk.In spring and winter,the rhythm of activity behavior had two peaks at dawn and dusk.In summer,the peak moved up to the afternoon.In autumn,the peak at dawn was lost. Musk Deer had the sub-peak in midnight except the two peaks at dawn and dusk.The temperature was also the factor which caused the difference of the rhythm of activity behavior among seasons.The method of Shannon-index was used to calculate the index of behavioral diversity. It can supply the new proof to judge the enrichment of animal behavior.The index of behavioral diversity of Musk Deer was compared between day and night,female and male,and among four seasons in the dissertation.The results showed that there was no significant difference of index of behavioral diversity between day and night, female and male.There was significant difference of index of behavioral diversity among four seasons.The index of behavioral diversity in spring was the highest among four seasons.The index of behavioral diversity of forest Musk Deer in Chongming island was higher than it of alpine Musk Deer in Xinglong mountain.The differences of captive environment and the pattern of the domesticating were two main factors effect on animal behavioral diversity.更多还原