【作者】 高磊；

【导师】 刘敏； 许世远；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 近10多年来,随着淮河流域的快速城市化,大量增加的非农业人口使得城镇的生活污染大大加剧。同时,由于流域内工农生产不断发展及其规模不断扩大的过程中没有很好处理经济发展与环境保护的关系,大量生产和生活污水不经处理直接向河中排放,各种废物向河边倾卸,尤其是不适当地发展了一批小造纸、小制革、小化工等排污量大而社会效益差的工业企业,使淮河水受到极其严重污染。近年来,淮河流域集中性恶性污染事故频繁出现,约2/3的河段已失去使用价值,一些地区因水质恶劣,已造成了饮水困难。在淮河最大的支流——沙颍河沿岸的河南沈丘县甚至出现了“癌症村”,当地村民患癌症的死亡率明显高于全国农村。鉴于此,本文选择淮河干流(包括淮河上游及以南)、淮北沙颖河、洪汝河、涡河三条支流以及沂沭泗水系的沭河为研究对象,进行有关淮河主要污染物(主要包括氮磷、重金属及持久性有机污染物)的多介质空间分布研究,并且结合淮河微生物种群分布特征进行初步生风险评价。希望本次研究工作能从水生生物对水体污染的响应特征为沿岸居民由于复杂水环境污染而产生的病理特征探寻出发点和理论依据,以期为探讨淮河水质污染与沿岸居民癌症死亡率之间的关系提供基础数据。通过研究淮河水体中氮、磷累积特征,发现淮河水体总体呈富营养化,并且氮对水体的污染更大,但是有着较大的地区差异性。氨氮为淮河水体中的主要污染物。磷对淮河水体富营养化的贡献相对较小,因此,磷成为了淮河水体中影响浮游植物生长的限制性因子。上述污染情况也得到了浮游生物的生物响应,致使流域中的浮游植物以硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻为主要的浮游植物构成部分,显示出明显的富营养化群落特征。氮和磷在淮河流域表层沉积物中的累积特征显示,氮对淮河流域沉积物的污染有着较大的差异,淮河干流及沙颍河段受到的氮污染较小,而洪汝河段受到了较大的氮污染。沉积物中有机氮的含量占95%以上,无机氮中以氨氮为主要污染物。磷在涡河及洪汝河段的污染较大,而在干流段的污染相对较小。利用聚类分析推断出淮河流域表层沉积物中的Zn、Cu和Cd存在着污染同源性,揭示了淮河流域重金属的输入与淮河两岸的冶金、化工、焦化、电镀、皮革工业的密切关系。在对表层沉积物中的重金属形态的研究中发现,Cd主要以可交换态存在,虽然其总量很低,但是由于可交换态的Cd极易被释放出来,同时Cd本身存在着极强的生物毒性,这需要得到相关部门的认识和警惕。底栖动物中的耐污种(寡毛纲)在底栖动物中的比重对重金属Cr有着显著的响应,反映了,寡毛纲的底栖动物比敏感种更能忍受沉积环境中的Cr污染。对淮河流域沉积物中PAHs累积特征的分析显示:淮河各支流段的PAHs含量要高于淮河干流段。由于受到河流闸坝、沿岸污染物排放以及沉积物中有机碳含量的综合影响,沉积物颗粒对PAHs的控制并不显著,这揭示了沿岸污染物排放、船舶运输等人类活动及沉积物自身理化性质都对PAHs的分布具有重要作用。本次研究发现3环多环芳烃的浓度与底栖动物的生物量之间存在着显著的负相关关系,表明3环多环芳烃对底栖动物有一定的毒性作用。淮河流域水生生物群落构成特征显示出明显的富营养化群落特征:流域中的浮游植物以硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻为主要的浮游植物构成部分;底栖动物中又以耐污种寡毛纲底栖动物为绝对优势种群。可见,淮河流域整体水质污染情况较严重。通过运用环境质量评价,结合生物多样性指数,对淮河流域进行了生态风险评价。从评价结果可以推断出,HD2所在的颍河中下游区、TPZ、WZZ所在的沭河中下游区以及MC所在的涡河中下游的河流生态系统遭受破坏最严重。淮河干流水生态与水环境优劣最为显著的突变点在LHG:LHG以上的淮河段水体水生态质量整体较好;LHG以下的淮河水生态质量整体变差。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the Huaihe River valley’s rapid urbanization, a substantial increase in non-agricultural population makes the lives of urban pollution greatly increased in the past 10 years. The continuous development of industry and agriculture production has been expanding in the process of dealing with poor economic development and environmental protection. Mass production and non-treated sewage were directly to the river in emissions, and the wastes were dumping to the river. In particular, it is inappropriate to develop a number of small paper mill, small leather mill, small chemical plant, and other industrial enterprises which have huge sewage capacity with poor social benefits.These all make the Huaihe River be extremely serious pollution. A great deal of the vicious incidents of pollution has frequently happened in the Huaihe River Area in recent years.The pollution made about 2/3 of the river lost its value. And the poor water quality has already caused drinking water problems in some areas. Along the largest tributary of the Huai River-the Shaying River, Henan Province Shenqiu County even has "cancer villages".The local villagers were suffering from cancer mortality rates which were significantly higher than the country’s rural areas.In view of these, we take the Huai River main stream (including the upper and south reaches of the Huai River), the Shaying River, the Hongru River, the WhoRiver and the Shu River four tributaries as a research object. Conducted on the Huai River’s main pollutants (including Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants), multi-media distribution of them, distribution of microbial populations and the ecological risk assessment have been discussed in this work. The main findings are as following:Based on analyzing the spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in overlying waters, the present work revealed: the whole Huai River water was eutrophication. Nitrogen made a greater contribution to the eutrophication, ammonia as a major pollutant, but the region has a larger difference. Phosphorus made a relatively small contribution to the eutrophication of the Huai River, therefore, phosphorus may become the restrictive factor which would impact the growth of phytoplankton. The pollution has got the biological response of plankton, causing diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria as a main component of phytoplankton, clearly show that the eutrophication of community characteristics.Through the discussion of the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of the Huai River, the results demonstrated that the distribution of nitrogen in the sediments of the Huai River had a larger difference: the Shaying River and the main stream of the Huai River were less polluted by nitrogen, while the Hongru River was worse polluted. Organic nitrogen content in the sediments were more than 95%, while ammonia was the major inorganic nitrogen content. The Wo River and the Hongru River were worse polluted by phosphorus in the sediments, while the main stream was relatively less polluted.Through the cluster analysis of the content of the Heavy Metals in the surface sediments of the Huai River Area, the results demonstrated that the Zn, Cu and Cd in the surface sediments had a pollution identity. This revealed the close relationship between the entrance of the Heavy Metals and the emission from the metallurgical, chemical, coking, electroplating and leather industries on both sides of the Huai River. It is worth noting that, Cd existed mainly in exchangeable. Although the volume was very low, we need to be awareness and vigilance, because not only the exchangeable Cd would easily be released, but also Cd has strong biological toxicity. The study found that only uses the biological indicators of benthic fauna can not reflect the contamination of Heavy Metal in the study area. While the contents of Cr would impact the proportion of tolerance species (Oligochaeta) in zoobenthos. This shows that Oligochaeta could endure worse Cr pollution than sensitive species in the deposition environment.Based on analyzing the spatial distribution of PAHs in the sediments of the Huai River, the present work revealed that the contents of PAHs in the sediments of the tributaries of the Huai River were higher than the main stream. Because of the xomplex hydrodynamic condition of the gate dam, coastal pollution discharge and the contents of organic carbon in the sediments, the effect of sediment grain size on PAHs distribution was not significant. In addition, human activities, such as the sewage discharge, commercial shipping, and physical and chemical characters of sediments play an important role on PAHs multi-media distribution. 3-ring PAHs is a low-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; it has certain toxicity. The study found that there is a significant negative correlation between the contents of 3-ring PAHs and the biomass of zoobenthos, which revealed 3-ring PAHs had certain toxic effects to zoobenthos.Through the study of aquatic biological communities constitute characteristics in the Huai River, the results showed that diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria existed as a main component of phytoplankton, which clearly shown the community characteristics of the eutropnication. While the tolerance species--Oligochaeta benthic fauna was the absolute dominant species in zoobenthos. Visibly, water pollution in the Huai River was more serious as a whole situation.Based on environmental quality evaluation and biological diversity index of the Huai River system, the ecological risk assessment showed: the ecosystem of the middle and lower reaches of the Ying River where HD2 lies; of the middle and lower reaches of the Shu River where TPZ and WZZ lies; and of the middle and lower reaches of the Wo River where MC lies were badly damaged. The mutation point of the water ecological environment and water quality in the main stream of the Huai River is LHG. The water quality and the overall ecological environment of the main stream upriver LHG were pretty well while the lower reaches were deterioration.更多还原