【作者】 曹峰；

【导师】 舒远招；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 宗教哲学是康德哲学体系的题中之义,而关于人性善恶的问题又是其宗教哲学必须解决的首要问题。禀承其在认识论领域所作的“哥白尼式革命”之风格,康德同样在人性领域实现了“哥白尼式革命”。区别于传统人们对人性是善或者是恶简单下结论所必然导致的自然主义立场,康德从“人的本性是自由”这个根本前提切入对人性善恶问题的研究,分别从可能性(人本性中具有向善的原初禀赋和趋恶的倾向)、现实性(人实质作出了恶的选择)和价值(人类仍有希望改恶向善)三个层次揭露了人性善恶的本质。正是由于人的本性是自由,人是一个自由的存在者而非自然存在者,所以善、恶的形成完全在于人自由意志的自由抉择,而与一些感性欲望等自然性状无法构成因果决定关系。康德对人性善恶所作的独特分析,颠覆了传统对人性善恶所作的生物学、社会学等自然性解释,也为人们理解《圣经》提供了一个新的视角。同时,康德在宗教背景下对人性善恶所作的深刻分析揭示了“意志自由”这一人类真正本性,其不但对于西方社会拯救自启蒙运动以来在理性法庭面前陷入“非法化”嫌疑境地的基督教之发展具有重大的启发意义,也对处于社会主义初级阶段陷于道德沦丧、法律体系尚未完善之困境的当今中国道德重建、完善法治具有十分可贵的启示和借鉴作用。此外,康德的人性善恶论在理论的高度彰显了人的价值、尊严及人类道德发展的乐观前途,为人类历史的发展描绘了不断进步的蓝图和指明了光明方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Religionary philosophy is an important part of Kant’s philosophical system, and the problem concern Good \Evil of humanity is the main problem which must be solved in Kant’s religionary philosophy. According to the style present in his "Copernican’s revolution" of epistemology, Kant also achieve a "Copernican’s revolution" in the study field of humanity. Different from the natural humanity standpoint which protesting humanity is either good or evil directly, Kant went into the the problem by the standpoint that freedom is human nature. And there are three hiberarchy included in this problem which reveal the essence of humanity: The first is "probability", which means there are orientation of both good and evil in human nature; The second is "fact", which means evil is inevasible; and the third is "value", which means there are hope to be good. For freedom is human nature that human is more free than natural in existence, and that good or evil is depend on the human choice, but not just physical causality. Kant’s particular analysis on the good/evil problem of humanity has overthrown the natural explanation which made by biology or sociology and provide a new visual angle to cmprehend "Bible". At the same time, Kant’s profound analysis with the religionary backgroud reveals the human essence of "free will" , which illuminate the progress of Christianism that get into "nonlicet" from "enlightenment movement" on, and helpful to China’s actuality concern to the moral rebuid and law consummated. Further, Kant’s humanity theory reveal human value, dignity and optimistic future in the abstract, and point out a direction of human progress.更多还原