试论苏南冲突对东方阵营的影响

【作者】 王琳；

【导师】 郝承敦；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 世界史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 第二次世界大战后,社会主义从苏联走出国门,由一国形成为一个阵营,在东欧建立了一系列的社会主义政权。冷战爆发以来,特别是共产党情报局成立以后,它们以共同的意识形态为纽带结成了在西方以美英为首的资本主义国家看来是铁板一块的共产主义同盟,共同对垒于西方世界。然而,铁板一块的共产主义同盟并没有维持多久,1948年爆发的苏南冲突证明了铁板一块的同盟不过是一种神话。这场冲突是共产党执政后社会主义同盟的第一次大分裂,其结果对此后几十年苏联、东欧乃至中国的社会主义的发展道路都具有重大的影响。本文从不同的角度分析这一重大历史事件对整个东方阵营所产生的影响,其中既有积极的因素也有消极的成分。从国际共运的角度看,苏南冲突是国际共产主义运动的第一次大分裂,对整个国际共产主义运动来说是一个悲剧,削弱了苏东集团与西方国家进行冷战的力量,社会主义事业遭受挫折。但从另一方面来看,它对当时的国际共运和南斯拉夫又起了非常积极的作用。单就南斯拉夫而言;苏南冲突使其脱离了苏联的束缚和控制,走上了一条独立自主的发展道路,打破了苏联模式“一统天下”的局面,东欧各国纷纷以南斯拉夫为榜样,掀起了改革浪潮,越来越多的共产党独立自主地探索符合本国国情的走向社会主义的道路。社会主义从单一模式走向了多样化,开创了国际共运的新局面。本文要探讨的问题是,从政治、经济、外交等各个角度分析苏南冲突这一重大历史事件对当时以苏联为首的社会主义阵营所产生的正反两方面的影响。在写作过程中,本文分两个大部分:第一大部分从积极方面来分析苏南冲突给东方阵营内各个社会主义国家的发展带来了何种契机。首先论述了苏南冲突后,南斯拉夫在内外交困下如何走出困境,走出了南斯拉夫特色的社会主义自治道路。同时也标志着苏联模式在东欧危机的开始,为其他国家走上自治之路开辟了道路。其次南斯拉夫的背离为其他各国共产党树立了榜样,各国共产党纷纷探索独立自主的发展道路,抛弃苏联模式,掀起了独立自主的改革浪潮。例如,欧洲共产主义运动的兴起,具有中国特色的社会主义道路的形成以及六十年代出现的匈牙利社会主义模式,都具有自己的特色。标志着社会主义模式多样化的进一步形成,也标志着共产主义运动多样化的发展。第二大部分从消极方面来分析苏南冲突给东方阵营以及社会主义事业的发展带来的恶劣影响。首先探讨了苏南冲突爆发后,西方阵营对此的态度转变,为了达到削弱苏联的目的,以美国为首的西方集团采取了“扶南遏苏”的策略。其次,苏南冲突爆发后不久,新中国成立,西方阵营再次看到了推行“楔子战略”的希望,妄图再次分裂东方阵营;而斯大林也怀疑中国走南斯拉夫道路,把毛泽东看作“第二个铁托”。中国为了表明自己的立场,坚决站在苏联的一边,先后四次批判南斯拉夫,中南关系恶化。再次,从社会主义国家之间关系的研究来看,苏南冲突具有典型意义,在此之后爆发的中苏分裂、苏阿冲突都是照此范式进行的。最后,苏南冲突的爆发使东方阵营内部极为震惊,苏联为了巩固自己的大党大国地位,在东方阵营内部掀起了大清洗运动,称之为东欧地区的“红色地震”,使社会主义事业遭受严重挫折。更多还原

【Abstract】 After Second World War, socialism goes out the entrance to a country from Soviet Union, and from one country to form a camp, has established a series of socialism political power in Eastern Europe. Since the cold war has erupted, after specially the communist party intelligence agency is founded, they have formed take the common ideology as the link as head’s capitalist country look like in the West take US and UK are a sheet iron Communist League, faces one another together in the Western world. However, how long hasn’t a sheet iron Communist League maintained, in 1948 erupted between Soviet and Yugoslavia’s conflict had proven a sheet iron union was one kind of myth. After this conflict is communist party being in power, the socialism union’s first big fission, its result regarding this latter several dozens year Soviet Union, Eastern European and even China’s socialism’s development path has the significant influence.This article analyzes this significant historical event from the different angle the influence which produces to the entire Eastern camp, already has the positive factor also to have the negative ingredient. From the angle which the International Communist Movement looked that between Soviet and Yugoslavia’s conflict is the International Communist Movement first big fission, to the entire International Communist Movement is a tragedy, weakened the Soviet-led Eastern bloc and the Western country carries on the cold war of the strength, the cause of building up socialism suffers the setback. But on the other hand, it played the very positive role to the International Communist Movement and Yugoslavia then. The list speaking of Yugoslavia, this conflict caused it to be separated from Soviet Union’s fetter and the control, has stepped onto an independent development path, has broken the Soviet Model "monopolized" the aspect, the Eastern European various countries have to follow the example of Yugoslavia, has started the reform tide, more and more communist parties explored independently conform to their country national condition trend socialism path. Socialism moved toward the diversification from the sole pattern, started the International Communist Movement new ball game. This article needs to discuss the question is, from politics, the economy, the diplomacy and so on each angle analyzed Soviet and Yugoslavia’s conflict this significant historical event to the then Soviet-led socialist camp generated by the impact, both positive and negative. In the writing process, this article is divided two majorities: The first major part analyzed this conflict from the positive way in the camp to the east for the development of the socialist countries of the opportunity. After first elaborated Soviet Union and Yugoslavia conflict, Yugoslavia under beset with difficulties both at home and abroad how goes out the difficult position, went out the Yugoslavian characteristic socialism autonomous path. Simultaneously also symbolizes that the Soviet Model at the Eastern European crisis’s start, stepped onto the autonomous road for other countries to pave the way. Next Yugoslavia’s deviation set up the example for other various countries’ communist party, various countries’ communist party has explored the independent development path in abundance, abandoned the Soviet Model, has started the independent reform tide. For example, the European communist movement and the rise of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as the formation of the road in the 1960s and the Hungarian socialist model that has its own characteristics. This also symbolizes that the socialism pattern diversification’s further formation, impelled the communism movement diversification aspect to develop. The second major part analyzes this conflict from the negative aspects to the eastern bloc and the development of the cause of socialism with the adverse effects. First study of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia after the outbreak of conflict, Western camp manner transformation regarding this, to achieve weakens Soviet Union’s goal, the US-led Western group adopted "has supported Yugoslavia contained Soviet Union" the strategy. Next, after this conflict erupts soon, new China is founded, the Western camp saw once more carrying out "wedge strategy" the hope, attempts to split the Eastern camp once more; But Stalin also suspected that China takes the Yugoslavian path, regards as "the second Tito" Mao Zedong. China to clarify its position, firmly on the side of the Soviet Union, has four criticized Yugoslavia, the deterioration of relations between China and Yugoslavia. Once more, the research which relates from the socialist countries, this conflict has the typical significance, after the outbreak of splitting China and the Soviet Union, the conflict in the Soviet Union and Albania are the paradigm do the same. Finally, the eruption of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia’s conflict causes the Eastern camp interior terrible shock, Soviet Union to consolidate own big party great nation status, has raised the big clean movement in the Eastern camp interior, called that it the Eastern European area "the red earthquake", causes the cause of building up socialism to suffer the serious setback.更多还原