【作者】 张立娟；

【导师】 胡海波；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 中国哲学虽然是围绕天人之际展开的,但是天人之际的核心不是天,而是人。而人的问题实质上就是人性问题。所以人性问题一直是中国哲学,特别是儒家人学的理论基础。作为儒学的开山始祖孔子并没有确立完整的人心性论。孔子没有论及心,论性也只有两处:“性相近也,习相远也。”“性与天道不可得而闻。”孔子一生讲“仁“最多,他正是以仁释性,通过下学上达而达到性与天命的融合。人性论自孟子始具规模,孟子的人性论以性善为基础,以心性不二为核心,以天人贯通为特征。孟子以心善论性善,从而孟子的性善论不仅为其“居仁由义”的践行确立了理论根据,也由此开出了宋明新儒家的心性之学。本文共分为四个部分:第一部分阐述孟子性善论的思想渊源。主要从两个方面展开:第一方面是古代的天命观,仍笼罩在宗教色彩下的殷周,出现人文精神的跃动,从而开启了人性论的大门。春秋孔子以仁为内容通过下学上达形成了个人存在的性与天命的融合。《中庸》中“天命之谓性,率性之谓道,修道之谓教”标志性与天命的融合才始正式提出。孟子在《中庸》基础上进一步对道德境界的追求在天赋性之外于人自身中寻找根据,提出“存其心,养其性,所以事天也”。从而中国古代人性论由孟子从天重点转到人心上,孟子的人性论完善了儒家心性学理论,构成了完整的儒家心性论形态哲学。第二方面主要讲述孔子的仁,孔子的仁是一种自觉的精神状态。孔子是如何通过“仁”这种精神状态达到性与命的内在统一的,从而“以仁论性”、“以仁释性”的。第二部分是“以心论性”,本部分把孟子的“心”与“性”的涵义进一步做了明确,孟子的心是良心本心,即道德之心。孟子的性是与命相对,是求在我者,完全由自己做主,此性为仁义道德之性。孟子以心善论性善,性与心的关系是“本性”决定“本心”,“本心”是“本性”的显现。即良心良能决定良心本心,良心本心是良知良能的显现。第三部分是“存心养性”,即为孟子的修养工夫。孟子以心善言性善,但做为心的四端,易于流失,或被物欲“引而之矣”或受外环境所左右。所以孟子提出存心养性之功夫,主要是先立其大,反其诸己。孟子修养工夫的总纲是:尽其心者,知其性也。知其性,则知天矣。存其心,养其性,所以事天也。夭寿不贰,修身以俟之,所以立命也。”孟子所说的存心即是尽心,尽心从而知性,所谓的天就是道德存养时达到的境界的拟定称呼。第四部分是“人性之辩”,孟子的人性之辩主要体现在孟子的性善论与告子的“性本无善恶”上,告、孟二人在人性论上的另一个分歧在于,告子主张“仁内义外”而孟子主张“仁义内在”。这个问题实际上涉及的是人性的根源问题,因此它比性善问题也更能体现孟子人性论的特质。另性善论的确立为道德的践行确实了理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Chinese philosophy is developed on the basis of human and heaven, but the core of it is human, instead of heaven. The problem of the human actually is the human nature. So the human nature is always the base of Chinese Philosophy, especailly for the Confucianism. Confucius, as the developer of the Confucianism, didn’t establish the theory of human nature. He didin’t refer to the heart, but only nature. In his life, Confucius are concerned about "benvolence". He explain the nature by benvolence. He made the nature and fate combined together. The human nature is good. This thought was developed by Mencius. His theory is based on that the human nature is good. The feature of his theory is that he probed the goodness of nature through the goodnessof heart. Mencius’Theory of Human Nature also developed a new theory for the new Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties. This article consist of four parts.The first part is about the original of the theory of Mencius.In this section, there are two parts. The first parts is about the idea of heaven in the ancient period. In the Yin period, the religin was the main idea. At that time, the humanism start to become very activity, so the theory of human nature began to develop. Confucius made the human nature and the heaven uniform through Ren. In the book of《zhong yong》, there is a sentence "The fute can be regard as natue, the Dao can be regard as release the nature, the Jiao can be regard as Xiu Dao". This is the first time that the combination of human and heaven. Confucius, based on the book of《zhong yong》, improved the theory. He found the foundation in the course of pursue the morality and human themselves outside the talent. From then on, the most concerning thing for the huamn is the heart of huamn instead of fute. The theory of human nature made the heart and nature theory completed.The second part is about "judging human nature by the heart". Mencius defines "the intrinsic heart" and "humanity" more in this part. The conscienceisthe intrinsic heart.Mencius’s humanity is related to heart, that is in it self, and it is up to itself totally .so this "humanity" is the "humanity" in moral. Mencius thinks "probing the goodness of nature through the goodness of heart". Heaven is the original source of nature. Conscience is the appearance of nature.The third part is the training work. As to the cultivation and advancement of humanity, Mencius presented several ways such as self-cultivation, reflecting the theory of "containing worldly desires with inner good nature". we conclude Mencius’s way of spirit cultivation: few desire, intropection, concentrated will, cultivation of qi, and so on.The fourth part is "debate of the human nature", Mencius’s human nature debates mainly manifests in Mencius’s theory "human nature is good" and the thoughts "human nature is of no good or good" of GaoZi . there exists anthoer difrence in theory of human nature between the Meng and GaoZi.He considers to advocate "in the kernel outside righteousness", but Mencius advocates "RenYi intrinsic". What this question in fact involves is the question of human nature root ,therefore it is the special characteristic of human nature that it is also to be able to manifest the Mencius theory compared to the nature .In addition the establishment of the theory of original goodness of human nature truly provides the theory basis for the morals fulfilling.更多还原