【作者】 陈磊；

【导师】 张东山； 叶俊；

【作者基本信息】 同济大学 ， 产业经济学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 改革开放以来,我国城市居民的收入有了较大幅度的增长,除生活必需的开支以外的可支配收入大幅增加;同时,双休日制度和黄金周假期的实行,使城市居民也拥有了难得的闲暇时间,这两方面的条件,带动了我国旅游业的发展。而作为主要的旅游目的地的风景名胜区,则出现了旅游产品供给上的问题:一方面居民对旅游产品的需求日益增长;另一方面风景名胜区所在地的地方政府却无法提供风景区保护和开发的资金、技术和管理。为解决这一矛盾,我国很多风景名胜区所在地的政府尝试着采用特许经营的方式,将风景区的经营权转让给企业,由企业对风景区进行投资建设,并获得一定期限的经营权。但这种方式一经采用,就产生了很多负面影响:首先是企业对风景区进行破坏性、掠夺性的开发,使风景区的生态环境资源遭受到严重的破坏;其次是企业和地方政府的利益不一致,导致企业的开发模式能够为企业带来较丰厚的利润,但不能完全实现地方政府推动地方经济的目标;还有是企业处于垄断经营的地位,因此供给价高质次的产品和服务,损害了消费者的利益。因此,风景名胜区的特许经营在我国引起了很大的争论,众多的专家、学者对这种方式进行了批判,甚至出现了要求停止风景区特许经营的呼声。本文认为,公共事业逐渐向私营企业开放,采用特许经营的方式由私营企业来提供部分公共物品是我国经济体制改革的方向。风景名胜区作为一种公益性质的公用事业,长期以来其产品是由国家供给的,但这种供给方式往往由于政府部门的低效和官员的寻租行为而造成产品供给不足或消费者福利损失的情况。因此,在风景名胜区事业的发展中,积极的让私营企业介入来承担部分产品,尤其是旅游产品和服务的供给,不但能够提高产品和服务供给的效率和质量,而且还能够起到节约财政开支、转换政府职能和引进先进的管理方式的作用。风景名胜区的旅游产品作为一种俱乐部产品,客观上也存在由私营企业供给的技术条件。因此,本文认为风景区的旅游产品和服务能够通过特许经营,由私营企业来提供。当然,风景名胜区特许经营确实在目前产生了很多负面的影响,因此本文认为必须建立起完善的支撑保障体系,来规范企业的行为,维护社会福利。在支撑保障体系中,政府应该承担起自己的责任,从行业进入、价格、税收等几个方面进行规制。另外,在政府和企业之外,近年来发展迅速的第三部门——民间非盈利组织也能够在风景名胜区事业中起很大的作用,不但能够协助政府对企业进行监督,而且能够直接参与到生产领域,承担部分公共物品的供给。综上所述,本文认为在我国经济体制改革的大背景下,去争论风景名胜区能不能特许经营的问题已经不具有特别的意义了,因为这是经济发展的必然过程。目前我们更应该把主要精力集中到研究风景名胜区事业发展中的各个实际问题的实际解决方案中,探讨解决问题的操作方式,以及为此应制定的各种政策、法律法规等问题。而本文认为,在一定的法律和制度的保障和操作技术的支持下,风景名胜区完全能够以特许经营的方式让私营企业介入来提供部分产品和服务,这将有力的推动我国风景名胜区的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the Innovation and Opening, the income of the residents in cities of our country has got obvious increasing, and the governable income except the necessary expenditure has increased well. At the same time, double-days-off system and golden-week vacations give the residents in cities hard-won leisure time. These two conditions have brung the tourism of our country along. But the National Parks as the major tour destination appear the problems of the tour products supplying: one side the demand for the tour products of residents is increasing everyday; on the other side, the locus governments of the National Parks is not able to provide the fund、technique and management for parks conservation and exploiture. To solve this contradiction, quite a few locus governments of the National Parks in our country were trying the mode of franchising, transferring the operating right to the corporations, letting the corporations doing investment and building in the parks and obtaining a certainty term operating right. But this mode once used, it has brung a lot of bad effects: first, the corporations do destructive and predatory exploiture in the National Parks, and badly destroyed the environment resources; secondly, the interest disagreement between the operations and the locus governments result in that the exploiture mode could bring rich profit to only corporations but not to the local economy ; last corporations get the monopolistic place and supply the high-price-low-quality products and services, which damage the consumer’s benefits. So, the franchising of the National Parks has brung widely argues, numerous experts and scholars animadverted on this mode, even gave the voice of asking to stop using the mode.This study thinks that public utility opening to the private corporations gradually and allowing private corporations supplying part of the public goods is the way of economy system innovation in our country. As a commonweal characterized public utility, the National Parks’ products are provided by government for long time. But this product-providing form sometimes brings on either the lack of products providing or the losing of consumers’ benefit because of the low-efficiency of government department and the corruption behavior of functionary. Therefore, in the developing of the National Parks Utility, allowing private corporations’ entry, and providence products actively, esp0ecially the tour products and services, could not only improve the products and services efficiency and quality, and economizing finance expenditure, switching the government functions and introducing advanced management methods. As a kind of club goods, the tour products of the National Parks have the techniques to be supplied by private corporation impersonally. So, this study thinks that the tour products and services could be provided by private corporation by franchising.Certainly, franchising of the National Parks brings lots of bad effects at present, therefore this study thinks that consummate supporting and ensuring system should be found to rule the corporations’ behavior and maintenance social welfare. In the system , the government should take its responsibility in hand to control the industry in the aspects of entry, price and revenue. Otherwise, besides the government and corporation, the Third Sector—Non-Profit Organization among public could have great effect on the National Parks utility which is developing fast these years, the Third Sector could not only help government supervising the corporations, and participate in the production field to provide part of the public goods.Summarized, this study thinks it has not extra meaning to argue whether the franchising could be used in the National Parks utility, because this is the inevitable process in the economy developing. We should put the primary energy into the field of fact problems solving methods during the National Parks developing, discuss the operating mode to solve problems, and the policies and laws should be established. This study holds, the National Parks undoubtedly could allow private corporations entering to provide part of products and services under the ensuring of laws and system and the support of the operating techniques. This would promote forcefully the National Parks developing of our country.更多还原