【作者】 张丹雁；

【导师】 丁平；

【作者基本信息】 广州中医药大学 ， 中药学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 砂仁来源于姜科Zingiberaceae豆蔻属Amomum植物阳春砂Amomumvillosum Lour.、绿壳砂A.villosum Lour.var.xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen或海南砂Amomum longiligulate T.L.Wu的干燥成熟果实,是我国著名的“四大南药”之一。其中绿壳砂分布于云南,资源少,限制了商品的应用,海南砂主产于海南等,由于挥发油含量低,商品少用,因此目前我国市场流通的砂仁主要以阳春砂为主。阳春砂主要分布于广东、云南、广西、福建、四川、贵州等地,以栽培为主;其中以广东阳春蟠龙金花坑所产者品质最佳,其次为春湾所产。砂仁性温,味辛,具有化湿开胃、温脾止泻、理气安胎等功效,有着1300多年的民间药用和临床使用历史。以砂仁为原料的中成药有二十多种;同时也做为调味佳品和保健食品的辅料,因此砂仁为药食两用药物。近几年来,我国先后开展了砂仁种质资源的研究工作,但阳春砂种质资源尚缺乏系统、全面的研究,由于中药种质资源研究是实现中药规范化种植的基础,通过中药种质资源的研究可为中药高产优质的种植提供优良种性的种质资源。为了更好地提高砂仁药材的产量和质量,确保其安全可靠、稳定可控,本文以阳春砂为研究对象,对其种质资源进行深入细致的研究,在对我国不同产区阳春砂种质资源展开全面调查的基础上,对其种质类型、种质质量进行研究和评价,并开展全面系统的种子繁殖研究。第一部分文献研究在全面系统地查阅砂仁药材的各方面研究内容及与本文研究相关资料的基础上,对阳春砂的本草考证、物种来源考证、种质资源研究、栽培研究及国内外中药种质资源研究进展进行了总结。第二部分实验研究一、阳春砂种质资源调查与分析(一)不同产区阳春砂的授粉特性广东、广西及福建等产区的砂仁开花期缺乏必要的昆虫等授粉媒介,砂仁种植主要靠人工授粉;而云南西双版纳地区蕴藏着丰富的次生原始森林,具备理想的授粉昆虫等媒介,砂仁种植无需人工授粉。(二)不同产区荫蔽状况对阳春砂生长的影响1.道地产区广东阳春及周边地区具有理想的生态环境及荫蔽树种,砂仁成果期短,果实成熟度高,亩产量及干果率最高。2.福建砂仁产区接近海边,具有类似于阳春的山地资源和生态环境,该区砂仁成果期、果实成熟度略低于广东,亩产量及干果率仅次于广东。3.广西彼邻广东,虽然具备与广东阳春类似的生态环境,但山高林密使种植地荫蔽度过大,造成砂仁花期及果期延长,果实成熟度不太均匀,亩产量及干果率低于广东和福建所产。4.云南作为阳春砂最大的引种区,其丰富的原始森林对种植地形成过大荫蔽,使砂仁花期及果期过长,果实成熟度不均,亩产量及干果率最低。荫蔽状态对砂仁亩产量及质量至关重要,是影响砂仁生长的重要生态因子之一。(三)不同产区阳春砂种植及产量状况调查与分析通过对道地产区及不同引种区阳春砂的资源分布、荫蔽、种植及产量状况等调查分析发现,①阳春地区在政府的大力扶持下,阳春砂种植面积及规模逐渐扩大;②阳春周边产区、云南及广西引种区随着药农对高收入经济农作物种植追求的日益增长,种植规模正急剧减小,砂仁药材年总产量逐年下降;③福建种植规模基本不变。二、阳春砂种质资源的收集与鉴定1.种质的采集通过实地走访调查收集广东、广西及云南3个省8个县市地区共18个地区,收集春砂仁种子材料18份,活体植株15份,药材9份,腊叶标本7份,在阳春地区收集4个农家栽培种质类型。2.阳春砂种质的鉴定在道地产区蟠龙、春湾和阳春周边产区、广西、云南及福建等引种区阳春砂的种群中采集原植物作为鉴定材料,以植物分类学方法,观察其原植物形态,并与文献及标本比较核对确定品种。三、阳春砂种质资源质量评价及选育研究(一)阳春砂农家栽培类型特征比较研究目的鉴定和比较阳春砂不同农家栽培类型的特征,摸清当前道地产区阳春砂的主要种质类型、数量分布及其成因,为优良种质繁育打下基础。方法采用传统农业观察方法,进行田间实地走访和调研,对所收集的各类种质样品进行观察和比较研究。结果受环境气候及栽培技术的影响,广东道地产区阳春砂曾出现长果1号和2号,圆果1号和2号4种农家栽培类型,目前的主要栽培类型是具备优良种性的长果2号,其余3个类型因种性欠佳而逐渐减少并渐渐被自然或人为淘汰。结论不断变化的生态环境及栽培技术使阳春砂种质产生多种变型,但种质特性的差异致其重新被自然或人为筛选,故通过调整生态因子及改善种植技术等条件可进行阳春砂优良种质的繁育与选育。(二)阳春砂迟花类型选育研究目的开展以昆虫授粉的“迟花类型”优良种质选育研究,解决人工授粉难题,为生产高产优质的砂仁药材打下前期基础。方法采用传统的农业种植和研究方法进行田间选种繁育。结果“迟花类型”与传统的长果2号栽培类型在叶片数、长宽大小、叶片厚度以及叶片和植株整体形态特征等具有显著或极显著差异;“迟花类型”较长果2号植株明显高大挺拔,壮旺,野性较强而不易倒伏,茎粗叶大,节间长,全体较浓绿。结论:阳春砂“迟花类型”的繁育研究对选育昆虫(异花)授粉的优良种质、解决人工授粉难题、降低种植成本、提高砂仁产量和质量具有重要意义。(三)不同产区阳春砂田间播种实生苗生长特征比较目的比较不同产区阳春砂种子田间播种实生苗生长状况,研究和筛选优良种质。方法于2005年9月10日在阳春道地产区将来自阳春、云南及广西的阳春砂种子进行田间播种育苗,次年4月迁移至大学城1号山体种植,3个月后观察3种不同产区阳春砂实生苗的形态特征。结果①蟠龙产区砂仁实生苗所有特征指标数最高,株苗高壮,长势最好,并于2008年4月15日开花;②云南所产者株高、叶片数、叶宽及分枝数较砂仁场者高,且株苗壮旺挺拔;③广西所产者株高及叶宽指数较砂仁场者高,且株苗壮旺;④云南实生苗特征指数较广西者高,长势亦较好。结论①蟠龙为阳春砂道地产区,其实生苗生长状况最佳,②“阳春砂仁试验示范场”因地形地势及荫蔽状况不够理想,其株苗纤细且各检测指标较蟠龙者低;③而云南及广西因具有适宜阳春砂生长的优良生态环境,株苗生长挺拔壮旺,并表现出较强的抗病性及抗逆性。(四)不同产区阳春砂种子质量检测及评价目的对不同产区砂仁种子进行质量检验和品质评价,建立种子质量检测几评价体系。方法采用常规种子质量检测方法检验不同产区阳春砂种子千粒重、生活力、含水量、净度、发芽率及发芽势。结果3个产区的18个样品中,阳春所产砂仁种子的千粒重、生活力、净度、发芽率及发芽势检测数据最高,种子质量最好;而阳春周边地区、云南及广西所产种子检测数据均偏低,品质依次较差。结论①道地产区阳春具有理想的生态环境,种子质量最佳;②其周边产区砂仁地因多年无人打理,种子质量略差;③云南及广西等引种区虽具有适宜砂仁生长的有利条件,但因种植环境荫蔽过大,果实成熟度不均,种子成熟度不齐而影响千粒重,④云南及广西种子邮寄耽搁一定时间,种子过干失去活力,故质量较差,但与阳春周边产区者接近。四、阳春砂种子发芽实验研究(一)不同播种期阳春砂种子的发芽实验研究目的探索阳春砂种子发芽的动态变化规律,寻找适宜播种期及储存期,为砂仁播种繁殖及扩大种植的生产实践提供科学实用技术。方法在荫蔽度为70%～80%的树荫下以室外盆播方式进行播种,设置“成熟种子”及“近成熟种子”两个发芽实验组,于2005年8月26日进行第1期播种,以5天为一个间隔播种16期,每期播种量为100粒,株行距4×4厘米,培土0.2～0.5厘米。结果1.湿沙储藏的砂仁成熟种子从8月下旬至10月中下旬分期播种,发芽率及发芽势有从低至高的趋势,10月下旬后播种发芽率则明显下降;9月前及10月下旬后播种则发芽盛期不明显,种子出苗不整齐。2.成熟种子的发芽力较近成熟者高。结论1.从发芽力考虑,8月下旬至10月中下旬是沙藏种子的适宜播种期及储存期,且此期间适期迟播比早播发芽率高且出苗整齐。2.从生产实践考虑,为使种苗强壮而避免夏季苗圃植株发病,应争取早播使种苗提前出圃,结合幼苗生长状况,初步认为9月5日～9月20日播种较适宜。3.早播种发芽率低、盛期不明显说明阳春砂种子具有一定后熟期。4.从种子实用价值及储存期限看,湿沙储藏较普通室藏更有利于砂仁种子发芽和储存(储存55天)。5.种子越成熟,其发芽率越高,发芽势亦越强。6.本研究明确了沙藏砂仁种子的适宜播种期及适用期限,摸清砂仁种子的发芽特点和动态变化规律。(二)播种前不同浸种处理对阳春砂种子发芽的影响目的筛选有助于改善和提高砂仁种子发芽的浸种方法和材料,为砂仁种子繁殖生产提供价廉高效的浸种材料和科学方法。方法播种前设置9个浸种处理实验组,第1组无浸种,第2组浸泡15PPM萘乙酸,第3组浸泡100PPM赤霉素,第4至第9组分别浸泡8hr、20hr、30hr、40hr、45hr、50hr的清水,播种量及播种条件同发芽研究实验(一)2项。结果1.萘乙酸浸种抑制阳春砂种子的发芽,并使种子推迟出苗。2.赤霉素可诱导种子萌发,浸种30小时种子发芽率明显提高,出苗明显提前。3.8小时清水浸种对砂仁种子发芽不显效;浸种20至50小时出苗率及发芽势则有不同程度的提高,尤以30～50小时为佳。结论100ppm赤霉素浸种30小时及清水浸种30～50小时的处理可明显提高砂仁种子的发芽力,方法简单实用又经济实惠,可广泛推广应用于砂仁的播种育苗生产实践中,尤其在发芽率较低、发芽盛期不明显的早播时段(8月下旬),使砂仁的适宜播种期扩大为8月下旬～9月20。(三)阳春砂种子的储藏方法研究目的探讨不同储藏方法对阳春砂种子的发芽力及储存期限的影响,筛选适宜的储藏方法。方法设置砂仁种子3个不同储藏方法的实验组,第1组以室内常温湿沙储藏,存放期间及时洒水保持种子湿润;第2组以冰箱(5℃～7℃)湿沙储藏,存放期间洒水保持种子湿润;第3组以冰箱干燥冷藏(5℃～7℃),存放期间不洒水使种子处于干燥状态。于9月5日第一次播种,每间隔10天播种一次,连播6期,播种量及播种条件同发芽研究实验(一)2项。结果1.从发芽力看,前5期实验中,3种储藏方法以常温湿沙储藏者最高,其次为冰箱湿沙储藏者,而冰箱干藏者最低;冰箱干藏种子储存时间越长,发芽率越低,其最后3期发芽率均为0,发芽盛期始终不明显,出苗不齐;最后1期(10月25日)播种则冰箱湿沙储藏者高于常温湿沙储藏者。2.在最后2期播种实验中,常温湿沙储藏种子发芽率由86%急降至29%,而冰箱湿沙储藏者由40%回升至44%。结论1.干燥砂仁种子即使冷藏亦不利于发芽和储存。2.在一定时间内,常温湿沙及冰箱湿沙冷藏砂仁种子均有利其发芽和储存,但10月15日前(含其日)发芽力以常温湿沙储藏效果较好。3.改善并控制好湿度,湿沙冷藏及室温湿沙储藏均为砂仁种子的理想储藏方法,但从种子发芽力及生产实用性考虑,常温湿沙储藏较冰箱湿沙冷藏实用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fructus Amomi is a kind of dried ripe-fruit from three kind of plants Amomum villosumLour.、A.villosum Lour.var.xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen and Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu which are belonged to cardamom,Zingiberaceae.It’s well known as one of four famous northem herbs in China.A.villosum var,xanthioides is produced mainly in Vietnam,Myanmar,Thailand and Yunnan,A.longiligulare’s main produced areas are Hainan,Guangdong and Yunnan,because of poor quality and low-yield,in recent years,both of the two districtions Amomum villosume never been planted basically,among three kinds of medicinal materials,the quality of Yangchun is the best,and the yield is the largest,it is the mainstream of the markest, The quality of AMOMUM VILLOSUM produced by original habitat of YangChun is superior to Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian which are the introduced areas of AMOMUM VILLOSUM produced.Amomum villosum distributed mainly in Guangdong,Yunnan,Guangxi,Fujian, Sichuan,Guizhou and so on,planted mainly by cultivating,Guangdong is the original habitat,the best quality of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were produced from Pardong Jinhua Hang,a county of YangChun,the following is Spring Bay.Amomum villosum,Weixin,a herb with warm property and pungent flAmomum villosumour,has such effects as resoving dampness to improve appetite,warming spleen to arrest diarrhia,regulating Qi to prevent miscarriage etc.It has been used on clinic for more than 1300 years and at present it is mainly used to treat signs of fullness in stomach and loss of appitite due to the sydrome of dampness accumulate in middle Jiao,or signs of vomitting,diarrhia,severe vomiting during pregnancy and abnormal fetal movement due to the sydrome of cold and deficiency of spleen and stomach.There are more than twenty kinds of Proprietary Chinese medicines which are made of Fructus Amomi,for the characteristics and advantages of smell,it also used to be the excellent spice and accessory of Health food.so Fructus Amomi is a dual-use medicine of drug and food.The past 30 years,all aspect researchs of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were abundant and being perfect gradually,during九五and十五,our school has carried out the national key scientific and technological projects,such as "study on quality standard of Fructus Amomi medicine" and "Study on standard cultivation of Fructus Amomi and other four Traditional Chinese medicines",initially drawn up a" quality standards of Fructus Amomi medicines "and" standard operating procedures of Amomum villosum." But the germplasm of Amomum villosum is still lack of a comprehensive and systematic study,in order to improve the yield and quality of Amomum villosum medicines ensure their safety,reliability and stability,in-depth and meticulous research of germplasm of AMOMUM VILLOSUM has been carried out in the subject,on the basis of carrying out a comprehensive investigation on germplasm resources of Amomum villosum from different producing areas,to research and evaluate the type and quality of germplasm,and carry out a comprehensive systematic research on seed breeding.Part 1.Literature ResearchOn the basis of reviewing every reseached aspects of AMOMUM VILLOSUM and the materials related to the research comprehensibly and systematically,to sum up the textual research of material medicine,textual research of species’ origin, germplasm resources research,research on cultivation and researched progress of germplasm resources at home and abroad.Part 2.experiment study1.Survey and analys of germplasm resources of AMOMUM VILLOSUM(1)Pollination of Amomum villosum from different producing areasThe necessary insect pollinators are short of during the bloom of Amomum villosum and cultivation of Amomum villosum mainly rely on artificial pollination in Guangdong,Guangxi and other areas,while Xishuangbanna of Yunnan is abundant with secondary forest which has the ideal medium,such as insect pollinators and so on,and cultivation of Amomum villosum without artificial pollination.(2)The impacts of Habitat conditions on the growth of Amomum villosum in different producing areasA.The original habitat of Guangdong Yangchun and the surrounding areas Amomum villosume an ideal ecological environment and habitat conditions,the period of growing a fruit is short,the fruit maturity is high,and the per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are highest.B.Amomum villosum producing area of Fujian is close to the coast,which has resemblant mountain resources and the ecological environment with YangChun,the period of growing a fruit and fruit maturity of Amomum villosum are slightly lower than the Guangdong’s,per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are next to Guangdong.C.Guangxi is adjacent to Guangdong,although the area has a resemblant ecological environment with Guangdong,the high mountain and dense forest improve the shaded level.So that Amomum villosum prolong the period of flowering and fruit, fruit maturity is not uniform,per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are lower than Guangdong and Fujian’s.D.Yunnan as the largest introduced district of AMOMUM VILLOSUM,its abundant virgin forest provide too large shaded level to planting field,so Amomum villosum has a long flowering and fruit period,fruit maturity is not uniform,and per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are the lowest.Habitat conditions of Amomum villosum is essential to the per-mu yields and quality which is one of the important ecological factors.that can affect the growth of Amomum villosum.(3)The analysis and survey on cultivation and production of Amomum villosumTO investigate and analyse the resources distribution,Habitat conditions, cultivation and production of AMOMUM VILLOSUM in original habitat and different introduced districtions,thus found out that,①Under the encouragement of preferential policy of local government,the cultivation scale of the AMOMUM VILLOSUM gradually expands in Yangchun of Guangdong province②for more and more medicinal farmers are engaging in growing high-income economical crops,the scale of AMOMUM VILLOSUM reduces and the total output drops down obviously in the surrounding area,Yunnan and Guangxi③The growing scale in Fujian province remains unchanged.2.The collection and identification of germplasm of Amomum villosum(1)Germplasm collection The investigation and the collection of the resource of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were carried out by field-investigation for 53 samples collected from 18 districtions(8 counties and cities of 3 provinces),including 18 seeds of Amomum villosum,15 live plants,9 medicinal crops,7 samples of wax leaf,four types of farmed cultivative germplasm in Yangchun.(2)Identification of Amomum villosum germplasm The collection of the original plant for materials of identification collected from Panlong District,Spring Bay and the surrounding areas of Yangchun,Guangxi,Yunnan,Fujian and other introduction areas,to observe morphology of the original plant,check and fix variety by comparing with literature with plant classificatory methods,3.Quality evaluation and breeding research of Amomum villosum germplasm(1)Comparative Study on characteristics of farmed cultivated Amomum villosumA.Objective To identificate and compare with the characteristics of different farmed cultivated Amomum villosum,find out the main germplasm type,amount distribution and causes of the original habitat of Yangchun,thus provide evidences for breeding of good germplasm.B.Methods The observation and comparison of different types of collected germplasm samples were carried out by field-investigation and reaserch with traditional agricultural methods,C.Results Cause the impacts of environmental climate and cultivative techniques,the original habitat of Yangchun has ever found four types of farmed cultivation:long fruit 1 and 2,round fruit 1 and 2 four types of farmed cultivation, At present,the main cultivative type is The long fruit 2 with the fine characteristics of seed.the rest three types drop down gradually due to poor characteristics of seed,and died out gradually by natural or man-made.D.Conclusions varied types of Amomum villosum germplasm due to changing ecological environment and cultivative techniques,but the difference of germplasm made them re-screened by natural or man-made,so propagation and breeding selection of the fine characterstics of germplasm of Amomum villosum can be carried out by adjusting the ecological factors and improving the cultivated technology,(2)Breeding-selection Research on late flower types of Amomum villosumA.Objective to carry out the study on excellent germplasm breeding-selection of "late flower types," pollinated by Insects and solve the problems of artificial pollination,lay the early foundation on high-yield and high-quality of Amomum villosum medicine materials.B.Methods the research on breeding-selection and propagation in field by using the traditional agricultural planting methods.C.results,the "late flower type" and the traditional long fruit 2 Amomum villosume significant difference on number of the leAmomum villosumes,the length and width size,thickness of Amomum villosumes and the morphology of leaf and the whole plant,"the late flower type "is obviously taller and straighter and stronger than the long fruit 2,simultaneously,being wilder and more difficult to lodging,stick stem and large Amomum villosumes,long inter-knob,and more dense and green.D.Conclusion Breeding research on the "latest type of flower" of Amomum villosum is of great significance about the breeding of insects pollination of good germplasm(pollinated with different flowers’ pollen),problems of artificial pollination,reducing the cultivated costs and increasing yield and quality.(3)To compare with the growth characteristics of Amomum villosum seedlings sowed in field from different areasA.Objective To compare the growth conditions of Amomum villosum seedlings sowed in field from different areas,researching and screening the fine germplasm.B.Methods to breed and sow seedlings in field on the September 10,2005 from the original habitat of Yangchun,Yunnan and Guangxi,move them and plant on on the 1st Mountain of the University city in April of the following year,to Observe the morphological characteristics of Amomum villosum seedings from three different areasC.Results①all the characteristics’ indicators of Amomum villosum seedlings from Panlong area are the highest,the seedlings of plant is high and strong,Its’ growth is the best and bloom in April 15,2008;②Amomum villosum produced by Yunnan is better than those planted in the Amomum villosum market on plant height,leaf numbers,leaf width and the number of branches and the seedlings planted from Yunnan is strong,prosperous and upright③those planted in Guangxi is higher than those planted in Amomum villosum market on height of plant,the index of leaf width, and the seedlings are strong and dense④characteristics’index of seedling from Yunnan is higher than Guangxi’s,and it’s also growing well.D.Conclusion①Panlong is the original habitat of Amomum villosum,it’s seedings Amomum villosume the best conditions of growth,②because of lacking the ideal topography and habitat conditions in "Amomum villosum market",seedlings planted in it are slim,and every detected indicators are lower than Panlong’s.③Because Yunnan and Guangxi Amomum villosume Suitable ecological environment for the growth of Amomum villosum,the seedlings grow tall and straight,strong and dense,and showed strong resistance and stress resistance.(4)Quality detection and evaluation Amomum villosum seeds of different areasA.Objective To carry out the quality inspection and evaluation of Amomum villosum seeds from different areas,and select the excellent germplasm.B.Methods To detece the 1000-grain weight,life force,water content,clean degree,rate of germination and germination potential of Amomum villosum seeds..with conventional quality testing method.C.Results among the 18 samples from three produced areas,the quality of the seeds from Yangchun are the best,and the detected data of 1000-grain weight,life force,the net,the rate of germination is the highest,and the quality of seeds are also the best.while the quality of seedlings from surrounding areas,Yunnan and Guangxi were poor and all of the seed testing datas are low,D.Conclusion,the original habitat of Yangchun has an ideal ecological environment,quality of seeds are the best;②the quality of seeds from surrounding areas are slightly worse for no one care the field of AMOMUM VILLOSUM for many years,③although Yunnan,Guangxi,and other areas Amomum villosume a suitable conditions for growth of Amomum villosum,the area of shaded conditions is too large,maturity of the fruit is uneven,seeds maturity are not the same so that 1000-grain weight was affected,④the seeds of Yunnan and Guangxi delayed for some time by mail,so the quality of the seeds were poor due to lose vitality,and the quality is close to surrounding areas’ of Yangchun.4.Germination study on Amomum villosum seeds(1)Germination experimental study on Amomum villosum sanded seeds of different sowing seasonA.Objective to explore the dynamic changes of Amomum villosum seeds germination,and find appropriate storage period and sowing season,in order to provide scientific practical technology for sowing breeding and extend the practice of cultivation. B.Method under the habitat conditions of 70%to 80%,to set up two germination experimental group-with "mature seeds" and "near mature seeds" by sowing in the pots outdoor.on August 26,2005,for the first seeding,sowed 16 times every five days,for every season with amount of sowing 100,row distance between plant:4×4 cm,soil’s thickness:0.2 to 0.5 cm.C.Results①Matural Amomum villosum seeds stored with wet sands are sowed by stages from late August to mid-October,the rate of germination and germinati potential Amomum villosume the trend from low to high,the rate of sowing germination was significantly decreased after late October.germination peak was not obvious before September and late October,seed germination is not neat.②Germination force of Matural seeds is higher than near mature’sD.Conclusion①Considered of the Germination force,late August to mid-October is the suitable sowing and storing season,and during this period,sowed late in the suitable time than sowed earlier with high rate of germination and the emergence of seedlings is tidy.②Considered of Productive practice.It should be sowed advanced in order for the strong seedlings and Amomum villosumoiding the diseases of plant in summer nursery,combined with the growth condition of seedlings,preliminary view is that the period from September 5 to September 20 is more appropriate for sowing.③A low germination rate As early as sowing,the unclear peak means that Amomum villosum seeds Amomum villosume a certain late ripening period.④Considered of The practical value and storage season of seeds,the seeds stored with wet sand is better than normal storage on germination and storage.(stored 55 days).⑤The more mature the seeds is,the more higher germination rate is.and the more stronger germination potential is.⑥This study indicated the suitable sowing season of Amomum villosum seeds which are stored with sand and the applicable deadline in order to find out the characteristics and laws of dynamic change of Amomum villosum seeds.(2)The influence on germination of Amomum villosum seeds with different ways to soak before sowed.A.Objective To screen the soaked methods and materials that will improve and increase seed germination of Amomum villosum.and to provide cheap and efficient soaked materials and scientific method,for the production and breeding of Amomum villosum seedsB.Method To set up 9 soaked treatmental group before sowing,Group 1 without soaking,Group 2 soaked with 15 PPM Chennai acid,Group 3 immersed with 100 PPM GA,4 to 9 group immersed with 8 hr,20hr,30hr,40hr,45hr,50hr of water,amount of sowing and comditions of sowing are similarto the germination experiment(1)2.C.Results①Seeds soaked with Chennai acid can inhibit the germination of Amomum villosum seeds and delay emergence of seedings.②GA can induce seed germinate,the rate of seed germination significantly improve after soaked for 30 hours,emergence of seedings advanced significantly.③Soked in water for eight hours Amomum villosume no effect about the seed germination,the rate of seedings Emergence and germination potential are increased in different degrees after be soaked for 20-50 hours,especially 30 to 50 hours.D.ConclusionThe treatment that soaked in100ppm GA for 30 hours and in water for 30 to 50 hours can significantly increase the germination force of Amomum villosum seeds,the method is simple practical and affordable,can be widely applied to the practice of sowing breeding production,particularly during the period when the rate of germination is Lower and the peak of germination is not obvious,(late August),so the the appropriate sowing time of AMOMUM VILLOSUM should expand from late August to September 20.(3)Study on storage methods of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seedsA.Objective:To discuss the influence on germination force and storage season of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds with different storage methods,and screen the suitable storage methods.B.Method:To set up three experimental groups with different storage methods of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds,the first group:seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature,to keep seeds moist by watering timely;the second group:seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerator(5℃～7℃),to keep seeds moist by watering;the third Group:seeds stored with the method of dry frozen in refrigerator(5℃～7℃),to keep dry without watering during the time.To do the first sowing in September 5,sowed every 10 days,and keep sowing six times,amount of sowing and sowing conditions are similar to the germination experimental study(—),2.C.Results①From the germination of view,in the former five experiments,among the three storage methods,the germination of the first group is the highest,following the second group,the lowest is the third group.The longer the seeds stored in refrigerator without watering,the lower rate of germination is.the rate of germination of the final three times is zero,and the peak of germination was not obvious,the emergence of seedings is not tidy.sowed in the last time(October 25),the rate of germination of the seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature is better than stored with high temperature. ②In the last two sowing experiments,the rate of seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature drop down sharply from 86%to 29%,while the seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerators from 40%up to 44%.D.Conclusion①Even AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds with the method of dryed frozen can not contribute to germinate and store.②In a certain period of time,the seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature and in refrigerator are Amomum villosum ourable with germination and storage,but the germination force of the seeds with wet sand at room temperature is better than others before October 15(include the day)③If Improve and control the humidity,the ideal storage methods are that the seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerator and stored at room temperature,but considered of the seed germination force and practical production,stored with wet sand at room temperature is more pratical than stored in refrigerator.更多还原