【作者】 李怀虎；

【导师】 黄希庭；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 基础心理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 国际疼痛研究学会(The International Association for Study of Pain IASP)把痛觉定义为一种与组织损伤或潜在的损伤,或对这类损伤的描述相关联的不愉快的主观感觉与情感体验。与其他躯体感觉相比,痛觉最大的特点在于它不能或很难产生适应。痛觉包含感觉和情感两个成分。“感觉成分”具有其他感觉的共同特点:有特殊的感受器、感受器的激活需适宜的刺激、感受器能(或大致能)定位病灶和对刺激强度进行鉴别等:“情感成分”与逃避的动机密切相关,其变异性极大,很易受过去经验以及其他社会文化因素的影响。在临床和实验室大量有关疼痛应对策略的研究中,时间信息对被试痛觉行为影响的研究得到的关注较少。本研究包含三个实验,目的在于探讨水温对被试实验室痛觉行为的影响,并探讨时间信息对被试实验室痛觉行为的影响,所有实验均采用冷压痛觉诱导范式(Cold Pressor Task/testCPT)。CPT是一种常用的实验室痛觉研究手段,实验进行时,被试将其前臂或手掌放入冷水中,手臂就会产生一种随着时间的增加而慢慢增强的疼痛感,并会在这一过程中产生不愉快的情绪体验。实验一假设:水温对被试痛觉行为影响的主效应显著,被试的疼痛忍受力随着温度的升高而加强,疼痛强度评价随着温度的升高而降低。实验一中,被试先后8次接受不同温度下的冷水刺激。单次实验持续3分钟,但是不告诉被试这一时限。用E-prime程序记录被试的疼痛阈限、疼痛忍受力。实验结束后,被试用视觉模拟评价量表(Visual Analog ScaleVAS)对疼痛强度进行评价。结果表明,被试在低水温条件下的疼痛阈限、疼痛忍受力低,疼痛强度评价高;而被试性别、主试性别及被试的偏手性因素对被试痛觉行为均没有影响。实验结束后的开放式调查发现,被试在做实验的过程中,会猜想实验的持续时间之类的时间信息。因此实验二的假设是,告诉被试实验持续的具体时间,则被试的痛觉行为表现会发生明显改善。结合实验一及前人研究,实验水温设定在3℃。本实验任务根据Thorn等人的实验改编而成,告诉一组被试实验具体的持续时间(5分钟),而不告诉另一组被试这一具体持续时间。实验结果:具体时间目标可以明显改善被试的痛觉行为,告知时间目标组被试的疼痛阈限、疼痛忍受力比未告知组的高,疼痛强度评价比未告知组低。实验三的水温也是3℃,研究假设是,给被试提供有关实验进程的时间线索要比不给被试提供时间线索好;以正数计时的方式给被试提供时间线索,要比以倒数计时的方式给被试提供时间线索的效果好。实验共6个处理分为两组如下,第一组的处理分别为,处理1:时限5分钟,从第31s起1个点/s,没有具体时间线索信息;处理2:时限5分钟,从第31s起1个数字/s,提示被试时间还剩210s,209s……;处理3:时限5分钟,从第31s起1个数字/s,提示被试时间已过去31s,32s……第二组的处理分别为,处理4:无时限,从第31s起1个点/s,没有具体时间线索信息;处理5:无时限,从第31s起1个数字/s,,提示被试时间还剩269s,268s……;处理6:无时限,从第31s起1个数字/s,,提示被试时间已经过去31s,32s……告诉第一组被试实验的具体持续时间(5分钟),不告诉第二组这一时限信息。时间线索(点线索、倒数线索和正数线索)以每秒钟一个的方式,对两个组进行重复测量。实验结果表明时间线索可以明显改善被试的痛觉行为。以数字方式呈现时间信息的处理组被试疼痛阈限、疼痛忍受力比点时间线索组高,疼痛强度评价也更低。然而正数计时时间线索和倒数计时时间线索对被试痛觉影响差异不显著。本实验的结论一是,痛觉行为表现既有跨文化的一致性,又有不同文化下的特点。中国大学生被试在疼痛刺激作用下的疼痛阈限、疼痛忍受力和疼痛强度评价受温度差异影响显著,然而性别痛觉行为的性别差异并不显著,且被试的痛觉行为表现,并不会因为主试的影响而发生改变。本研究的结论二是,在疼痛情境下,给被试提供时间信息会明显改善被试的痛觉行为表现。告诉被试实验的具体持续时间,同时及时告知被试有关实验进程的时间信息,可以明显改善被试的痛觉行为,使被试更好的忍受疼痛。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage, according to The International Association for the Study of Pain. It is useful to distinguish between two components of pain, biological and psychological. The biological component of pain is the same as other human feelings, which has an "R-T" pattern, and the psychological component is connected with motivation of avoadance, which changes a lot and subject to past experiences and cultural factors. Among the studies of pain, the effects of temporal information on one’s pain behavior need more attention.There wre three experiments. The first experiment hypothesized that the change of water temperature will affect subjects’ pain behavior, the lower the temperature, the higher the pain intensity scaling and the lower the pain tolerance and also, the experimenter gender will affect subjects’ pain behavior. Results showed that water temperature had a significant influence on subjects’ pain behavior, the direction of temperature effect was in line with the hypothesis. But there was no significant main effect of experimenter gender and there was no significant differences between men and women either. There appeared to be no significant differences related to use of the dominant versus the nondominant hand. The second hypothesis was that giving subjects a specific time goal before an experiment would significantly lower their pain intensity scaling and higher their pain tolerance time. Results did verify this hypothesis, and the specific time goal also had significant effect on subjects’ pain threshold, those who knew the specifc time goal had a higher pain threshold than those who did not know. And for the last experiment, we hypothesized that gave subjects temporal information on the CPT rocedure would significantly effect subjects’ pain behavior, those who got temporal information on how much time have gone/left in numbers did better than those get a cue of dot in the CPT. Results showed that, subjets who got time cues of number reacted better to painful stimuli, they tolerated pain much longer, scaled pain much lower and have a much higher pain threshold. So we concluded that there was cultural conformity in subjects’ pain behavior and subjects’ pain bahavior was influenced by time cues to the experiment.更多还原