【作者】 吴佳佳；

【导师】 代迅；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 文艺学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 生态问题已经成为全球关注的共同话题。随着现代科技的高速发展引发日益加剧的全球性生态危机和生态问题,政治、经济、文化等领域先后做出了迅速和有效的反应,作为最为大众化的艺术样式——电影对此也做出了积极的回应与思考。生态电影作为一种新的类型电影,将人和自然放在生态层面来考察,重新审查人与自然的关系,以宏观的角度将人类置于宇宙生态的大环境,又深入到个体的精神领域来探讨人的复杂性和多面性,直面人作为自然体的困境,表现其内外交困时的自省。同时生态电影有助于从概念化人与自然之间关系的评述向视觉化的自然存在主体表现转移,并通过把视野投向被忽略的自然生态环境,归置于其整体世界中,以视觉影像重新建构生态意识和自然主体意识。随着西方生态思想的深入与世界性生态电影思潮的涌动和发展,好莱坞作为足以影响和反映现代人生活的心灵意识和大众文化的艺术传输者和表达者,制作了为数不少的生态主题电影,其对生态问题逐渐深入的思考、呈现和关注为唤醒全人类的生态意识,建立整体和谐的生态文明社会发挥着重要作用,值得引起研究者的关注。论文依据西方生态批评研究和思想为指导,主要参考国外学者Pat Brereton所著HollywoodUtopian:Ecology in Contemporary American Cinema、David Ingram所著Green Screen:Environmentalismand Hollywood Cinema、Sean Cubitt所著EcoMedia、Gregg Mitman所著Reel Nature:American’sRomance with Wildlife on Film、Jhan Hochman所著Green Cultural Studies:Nature in Film,Novel andTheory以及Derek Bouse所著Wildlife Films等重要外文资料,并以《后天》《未来水世界》《金刚》《哥斯拉》《弗兰肯斯坦》等电影为主要文本,围绕好莱坞生态电影的概念特征、思想基础、主题内涵解读、表达途径和技巧、当前存在的问题及发展趋势等几方面进行系统的梳理和总结。本论文共分三个部分。第一部分即第一章由概念和思想基础两部分构成,试图主要对什么是生态电影进行概念与特征上的总结,并对生态电影的思想基础与背景进行简要的梳理。由于学术界还没有一致的标准和定义,本文借鉴了国外生态艺术作品的相关定义和标准并结合世界性生态电影自身发展特色进行归纳,得出其基本概念和主要特征。而第二部分以时间顺序举列了近现代人类中心主义观点和生态中心主义几个阶段中的重要思想概要如辛格的动物解放主义、雷根的动物权力主义、史怀泽和泰勒的生命中心主义、利奥波德的大地伦理、奈斯的深层生态学、罗尔斯顿的自然价值论生态伦理学等,表现和反思人类中心主义思想的迷误和生态中心主义思想的发展路程,以对生态电影的思想和背景进行概要说明。第二部分为第二、三章,主要是以生态为尺度对好莱坞电影的解读,分别从主题内涵和表达方式上对好莱坞生态电影进行系统研究,是论文的主要部分。其中第二章主要是借助影片对好莱坞电影的生态主题进行分析解读,特别在参考相关外文资料的基础上归纳总结出几大思想内容——生态灾难想象、科学技术与生态、非人类生命的关注和反思、构建自然与人类和谐相处的生态理想社会的魔幻电影、精神生态电影、生态纪录电影等方面,结合电影类型、影片细节、生态思想等进行分析思考;第三章主要是分析好莱坞电影怎样运用技术更好地呈现主题思想,也就是对围绕生态主题的好莱坞电影的表达途径和技巧即原生态的自然表达、数字化虚拟化的想象表达、复调叙事模式、对比反差模式等进行总结和归纳。第三部分即第四章是整体分析好莱坞生态电影的发展问题。第四章第一部分借助外文资料,归纳西方学者对好莱坞电影的现状剖析,提出好莱坞当前生态电影存在的诸如电影商业化与市场化选择、个人英雄主义(人类中心主义)的窠臼、内容有待继续拓展等问题并简要分析。而第二部分则是结合当前的现状和生态思想的深入形势,对好莱坞生态电影今后的发展趋势如对消解两极对立和强调人与自然的互动整体关系、精神生态的关怀和生态人格的塑造等方面的大胆预测。本论文的学术价值在于:1.目前国内对好莱坞生态电影作全面深入研究的论文极少,本论文具有一定开拓意义和提供参考价值。论文在认真赏析好莱坞生态电影的基础上,对相关重要生态思想进行了简要的梳理,对生态电影的定义和主要特征作了高度的概括和明确的界定,尤其对好莱坞生态电影从内容到表达技巧,再到问题与发展趋势作了较为详细的研究和分析。2.生态电影在西方已日趋深入成熟,有坚实的思想基础和完备的实践技术,而中国则尚在起步阶段,生态意识、西方生态批评知识和有关思考相对浅薄匮乏。因此本论文对于国内生态电影的研究有一定借鉴意义。本论文所用的多是国外关于生态电影的相关资料,在理论和实践层面都有助于了解西方生态主题电影的发展思路,推动中西生态电影的对话和交流,转变国内生态电影的思维模式和提升新的思维层面,深化内涵和拓展生态视野。因此本论文发掘和展望生态电影在全球形势下的价值和意义,对中国生态电影的深入提供一定的参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Currently, ecological problems have gained global attentions. With the emergence of global eco-crisis and eco-problems resulted from the highly development of modern science and technology, the fields of politics, economics and culture have made the rapid and effective response successively. As the leader of people’s spiritual trend, art of film has also had the reflection and consideration correspondingly. Ecofilm, as a new genre, has reviewed human and nature from the point of ecology, re-examined the relationship between them, macroscopically posited human in the universal ecosystem and microscopically got deep into human’s psychology to discuss complexity and multidimensionality of human beings, face the plight when they are a part of nature and represent the introspection in such predicament. The ecofilm helps to transfer from conceptual discourse of the relationship of human and nature to visual representation of nature as the subject, and visually to reconstruct the eco-consciousness in the way of keeping eyes on nature in the holistic view. And with the penetration of western ecological ideas and the activity and development of the global thoughts of films on ecology, Hollywood, as the artistic transfer and expresser who is sufficient to effect and represent the modern people’s souls and minds and popular culture, has produced amounts of films on ecology, with its mediating, representing and paying attentions to ecological problems, which have the important effects of awakening eco-consciousness of human and building the holistically harmonious eco- civilized world. And they are worth attentions of investigators.Under the guidance of the research and thoughts of western ecocriticism, with the referenced books Hollywood Utopian: Ecology in Contemporary American Cinema written by Pat Brereton, Green Screen: Environmentalism and Hollywood Cinema by David Ingram, EcoMedia by Sean Cubitt, Reel Nature: American’s Romance with Wildlife on Film by Gregg Mitman, Green Cultural Studies: Nature in Film, Novel and Theory by Jhan Hochman, Wildlife Films by Derek Bouse and so on, which are the main studies on Hollywood films on ecological themes, and with referred films such as The Day after Tomorrow, Water World, King Kong, Gorillas, Frankenstein and so on as the reading text, this dissertation tries to comb and summarize Hollywood films on ecological themes from the perspectives of the definition and characters, basis of thoughts, analyses of theme and connotation, ways and skills to express and reflect ecological themes, current problems and further tendency.The dissertation consists of three parts. Its first part, that is, the first chapter is composed of conception and eco-philosophical foundation, which tries to generalize and define eco-film and its features and represent the resources of thoughts as the guidance—the main eco-ethic thoughts. Owing to lack of uniform standards and definition, considering its own features, this dissertation uses eco-art for reference to define the ecological film and summarize the characters. And the second part of this chapter lists some important thoughts in the phase of modern anthropocentrism and Non-anthropocentrism such as Animal Liberation/Animal Rights, Biocentrism, Eco-centrism, and represents and ponders the mistakes of anthropocentrism and the development of Non-anthropocentrism to roughly illuminate the background and thoughts foundation of eco-film.Comprising the second chapter and third chapter, the second part, which mainly reads and explores Hollywood films in the measure of ecological themes in the views of connotation and ways, is an important part in the whole dissertation. The second chapter analyzes the ecological themes in Hollywood films, and especially with reference of original materials summarizes the typical themes such as awareness of imaginary eco-disaster, technology and ecology, attentions to and meditation on nonhuman life, fantasy films which try to construct eco-utopia, psycho-ecological films, and documental eco-film. And it also takes the genres and details of films and eco-thoughts into consideration. The third chapter, which summarizes the skills and ways such as original-eco representation, digital and imaginary expression, polyphonic narrative pattern and contrast pattern, studies and analyzes how Hollywood film use the technology to express the themes.Third part, the last but not the least, chapter four, gives a holistic analysis of the development and present situation of Hollywood eco-films. The chapter four as the first part points out its current problems such as commercialization and marketization of cinema, set-pattern of individualistic heroism and content waiting for being promoted and explored by the virtue of original material and research by western scholars. And the last part predicts the further tendency on Hollywood screen, which are clearing up the opposition between human and nature to form interdependent and holistic relationship and caring about psycho-eco and shaping eco-personality.The main academic values of the dissertation could be summarized as follows:1. Currently, the research in Chinese mainland into Hollywood film on ecological themes in a comprehensive and profound way is extremely slim, so to some extent this dissertation has the value of pioneer and future reference. After having read a number of Hollywood eco-films, the author summarily combs the important ecological ideas and clearly defines eco-film and its main features in general terms. Especially the author performs the detailed research and analysis from perspectives of the contents, ways and skills, current problems and further tendency.2. Western eco-film has developed in a comprehensive way, with a solid eco-philosophical foundation, wide academic vision and completely and independently practical technology and equipments, whereas Chinese eco-film is just in its infancy, with thin eco-awareness and limited knowledge of Western ecocriticism and theoretical building up at the initial stage. So the dissertation is of vital significance to research into eco-film in Chinese academe. What’s more, what the author used in the thesis is almost western original materials on eco-film, which theoretically and practically helps to understand the development of Western eco-films, enhance the communication and dialogue on ecofilms between China and the West, change the thinking patterns of Chinese eco-films, promote their new lays of ecological thinking, deepen their meanings and expand their ecological visions. So the dissertation that explores and expects the values and meanings of eco-film in a global view could for sure contribute to having a good command of its development in China.更多还原