我国清洁发展机制的立法问题研究

【作者】 李菲菲；

【导师】 刘国涛；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 为了缓解因温室气体累积引起的全球气候变化,1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)对减少温室气体排放,遏制全球气候变化,提出了框架性的法律条款,但并没有产生对各缔约方有实质性约束力的规定。为尽快落实《公约》关于减少温室气体排放、遏制气候变化的相关内容,本着“共同但有区别的责任原则”,公约缔约方通过了《京都议定书》。根据《京都议定书》第12条的规定清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,CDM)的主要内容是:经过自愿磋商,公约附件一国家(37个欧洲国家,加上摩洛哥和列支敦士登)提供资金或技术给公约非附件一国家(中国等发展中国家),帮助其实现二氧化碳的额外减少排放。因此得到减少排放的二氧化碳量,即“经核证的减排量”(Certified Emission Reduction,CER),将用于协助附件一国家履行《京都议定书》第3条规定义务,而非附件一国家也可借助附件一国家的资金或技术促进本国的可持续发展。清洁发展机制是一把双刃剑,对我们国家来说是机遇和挑战并存。一方面,该机制使我们国家的温室气体排放企业负担的环保义务转化为融资或交易产品;在改善气候环境的同时,也为吸引外资及加速经济发展提供了前所未有的机会。另一方面,它也可能冲击发达国家对我们国家的官方援助,限制我国能源工业的长期发展;发展中国家相互之间的恶意竞争将导致我国的国际关系恶化;发达国家可能趁机将高消耗、高排放的企业转入我国境内,将不利于我国可持续发展战略的有效实施等等。基于此,为了减少不利影响、尽可能的避免清洁发展机制对我国环境改善的冲击,我们有必要在法律上对其有更加透彻的了解,以促进其在我国环境改善、可持续发展过程中发挥更加重要的作用。本文分为五个部分进行论述:第一部分阐述了该命题的研究现状和研究价值,简单地介绍了本文的创新点和采用的论述方法。第二部分主要论述了清洁发展机制的背景、运行法则和存在价值等基本问题。清洁发展机制的提出、确立到完善是一个漫长的历史过程,是国际社会各方利益不断协调的过程。清洁发展机制是一个国际减排机制,因其涉及的主体比较复杂、内容比较广泛,运行机制也相对比较繁杂。在对清洁发展机制进行阐述的基础上对其运行中存在的风险进行了简要概括的论述,对存在风险的归纳总结是本文的创新点之一。清洁发展机制运行虽然有很多风险,但是对发达国家、发展中国家都具有非常重要的作用。第三部分阐述了清洁发展机制的立法现状及缺陷。目前,我国还没有针对清洁发展机制的专门立法,现有的仅是一个各部委联合发布的行政规章,其立法的层级有待于进一步提高。在对我国清洁发展机制的立法现状进行详细分析的基础上,我们不难发现,目前我国清洁发展机制在立法层级、立法内容等方面还存在很多不足,严重阻碍了我国的清洁发展机制项目的广泛开展。第四部分论述了我国清洁发展机制的立法构想。笔者从立法的角度对清洁发展机制进行了重新的审视,针对目前立法中的不足提出了全新的立法建构,并从配套法律建设、立法层次及立法内容三个方面进行了阐述。这是本文的又一创新点。第五部分是结论。经过充分的论述,笔者认为我国清洁发展机制现行立法存在问题诸多,为更好的促进其作用的发挥,有必要对现行立法进行修改。同时,在本部分中也指出了本文的不足和局限所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 To alleviate the global climate changes which have been accumulated by the greenhouse gas, in 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change) which could reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and restrict the global climate change, proposed the recapitulative legal provision, but it has not had the substantive binding force stipulation to various contracting parties. To carry out "Joint pledge" as soon as possible about reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the related contents of restricting climatic changes, in line with the principle of“a joint responsibility but also a different responsibility”, the joint pledge contracting party approved "the Kyoto Protocol". According to the primary coverage of the 12th stipulation which prescribes the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) of "the Kyoto Protocol": after voluntary negotiation, the joint pledge appendix countries (37 European countries, in addition to Morocco and Liechtenstein) provide the fund or the technology to the joint pledge non-appendix countries (developing countries such as China) to help them to realize the extra reduced emissions of the carbon dioxide. The quantity therefore obtained by the reduced carbon dioxide named“Certified Emission Reduction”(Emission Reduction, CER), will use in assisting the joint pledge appendix countries to fulfill the obligation prescribed by the 3rd stipulation of "the Kyoto Protocol", and the joint pledge non-appendix countries may also draw funds or the technology from the joint pledge appendix countries for their sustainable developments.The clean development mechanism is a double-edged sword and there are opportunities and challenges coexisting to our country. On the one hand, this mechanism causes the environmental obligations burdened by the greenhouse gas emissions enterprises in our country to transform as financing or the transaction product, during improvement of climatic environment, it also has provided the unprecedented opportunity for the attraction of foreign capital and the acceleration of economic development. And on the other, it is also possible to attack the official assistance of developed country to our country, limit the long-term development of the energy industry in our country; The venomous competition between developing countries will make our country’s international relations worsening; The developed countries also may seize the chance to transfer the high consumption, the high emissions enterprise to our country and it will not favor our country’s environment improvement and so on. Based on this, to reduce its adverse effects, to avoid the harmful impacts to our country environment improvement, we have the necessity to have the even more thorough understanding in law to it to promote it to display more vital role in our country environment improvement and the sustainable development processes.This article divides into fifth parts to carry on the elaborationThe first part is elaborating the present situations and the research values of this proposition’s research and simply introducing this article’s innovation and the used elaboration methods.The second part is mainly elaborating the basic problems such as the backgrounds .the operational rules and the being value of the clean development mechanism. The proposal’s establishment to perfection of the clean development mechanism is a historical process and also the process which the interests of all quarters of international society continuously coordinate. The clean development mechanism is an international reducing mechanism and because the main bodies it involve are quite complex, the contents are quite widespread, the operational mechanism is also relatively numerous and diverse. On the base of the elaborations to the clean development mechanism, this article carry on brief elaborations to the risks existing in its movement. The summary of the being risks is one of this article innovations. There are risks existing in the clean development mechanism movement, but it has played a very important role for the developed countries as well as the developing countries.The third part is the legislative present situations and the flaws of the clean development mechanism. At present, our country does not have the special legislation of the clean development mechanism and merely has a administrative regulation jointly published by various ministries. Its legislative level needs further enhancement. On the base of the detailed analysis of the legislative present situations of the clean development mechanism, is not difficult to discover that there are deficiencies at present in the legislative level, the legislative contents and so on. These hinder the projects of our country’s clean development from widely developing.The fourth part is the legislative conception of the clean development mechanism. This part makes a careful examining again from the legislative angle to the clean development mechanism and proposes the brand-new legislative construction in view of the insufficiency of present legislation and also makes elaborations from the legislative guiding principles, the legislative contents and the legislative environments. This part is another innovation of this article.The fifth part is a conclusion. On the full summary of the text, the author considers there are many problems existing in the legislation of the clean development mechanism. In order to put it into full play, it is necessary to alter the present legislation. These part ales make a conclusion of limitations in this article.更多还原