【作者】 罗永红；

【导师】 王运生；

【作者基本信息】 成都理工大学 ， 地质工程， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 昆明国际机场拟建于昆明东北方向官渡区境内,距昆明市约24km。场区勘察面积约18507237.3m²,本期规划建设东、西两条平行跑道,建设规模按波音B747和空客A340型机种的要求,机场等级为4F。昆明新机场为大型枢纽机场,是中国实施面向东南亚国际大通道的重要项目,对推进中国—东盟自由贸易区建设以及大湄公河流域区域经济合作,起到重要作用。与此同时新机场的建设为云南经济更好的发展提供了更加便捷的航空运输。昆明新机场总体以岩溶地貌为主,其次为构造剥蚀丘陵地貌和冲洪积堆积地貌;场区出露主要为古生界寒武系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系等地层,区内80%左右为碳酸盐岩,岩性主要为白云岩及灰岩等;研究区处于多组构造的复合部位,主要发育有转山背斜、石泉寺向斜及浑水塘向斜等褶皱构造以及羊桃箐～苏家坟断裂(F₁₀)、白汉场～西冲断裂(F₁₂)、荷包地～乌撒庄南断裂(F₁₈¹)及花箐～李白冲断裂(F₁₈³)等断裂构造,场区断裂构造晚更新世以来不具活动性,场区稳定。岩体节理裂隙发育,岩溶中等～强烈发育,地表发育岩溶主要表现为岩溶洼地、漏斗等,地下发育岩溶主要表现为石芽、溶洞、土洞等;岩溶塌陷较发育,地表塌陷分为基岩及土层塌陷,且以土层塌陷为主。通过资料收集及对现场调研的基础上可以得出:研究区发育复杂的岩溶及岩溶塌陷等将对拟建机场的跑道、航站楼、停机坪等重点区的工程岩土体稳定性产生控制性作用,对机场的其它建设区产生较大的影响。基于此,论文在系统的分析了昆明新机场的区域及场区工程地质环境条件下,特别对场区岩溶发育规律及塌陷发育规律进行了深入分析研究,对形成土层塌陷的地质条件概化模式进行了归纳总结,并对岩溶塌陷成因机理等进行了深入探讨,对研究区塌陷稳定性的宏观特征进行了总结,对揭露地下溶洞等潜在塌陷体进行了半定量稳定性分析。综合各种影响因素对机场岩溶塌陷稳定性进行了危险性分区,并针对岩溶塌陷不稳定区进行了防治对策研究,为机场岩溶塌陷的工程防治提供科学依据。通过以上的分析研究,本文得出了以下主要结论和认识:（1）研究区岩溶及岩溶塌陷主要发育在岩溶地貌及冲洪积堆积地貌上,构造剥蚀丘陵地貌上不发育。（2）研究区地表岩溶及地下岩溶具有发育时间上的阶段性和空间上差异性。研究区地表发育漏斗、洼地等岩溶多呈不规则椭圆形、近圆形、狭长形等形状,洼地、漏斗大小、深浅不均一,呈现串珠状发育特征;钻探揭露及物探解译研究区地下溶洞以单层溶洞发育为主,少数为双层或多层溶洞,溶洞高度多在1～3m,多为全充填及半充填。分析研究表明场区溶洞总体上无明显的控制性高程,但各工程地质区内具有一定的规律:Ⅰ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2070～2080m,Ⅱ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2050～2070m及2090～2199.4m,Ⅲ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2070～2090m,Ⅳ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2050～2080m,Ⅴ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2070～2080m及2090～2137m,Ⅵ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2050～2070m,Ⅶ区溶洞顶板发育高程主要为2050～2074m。不同高程的溶蚀平台是早期岩溶发育形成的,钻孔揭示地下有发育的岩溶管道网络及充填其中的砂砾层,连接着溶蚀平台上的漏斗及排泄区,从砂砾层的成分及结构分析,早期的岩溶相当发育。（3）研究区发育岩溶塌陷根据其诱发因素可分为自然塌陷和人为塌陷。塌陷的平面特征表现为圆形、椭圆形、长条状、不规则形状及复合形状等几种平面形态;剖面特征主要有坛状、井状、漏斗状、碟状等几种形态。（4）研究区的岩溶发育规律主要有:顺优势裂隙方向发育,主要为近EW向、N55°W、N15°W等方向发育;顺构造线方向发育,主要为顺浑水塘向斜、石泉寺向斜、F₁₀、F₁₀²、F₁₈¹断层等发育。张家坡山前洪积扇（本次工作发现）前缘也是岩溶发育密集区。（5）研究区塌陷发育随机性较大,但同时存在岩溶塌陷发育受场区断层、褶皱及裂隙发育的控制和影响,与覆盖层厚度、地表地下水活动存在一定关系,且多发生在6～10月份雨水季节,以及1～2月雨雪季节等。（6）研究区形成土层塌陷的地质条件概化模式有6种,其中以红粘土或次生红粘土+碳酸盐岩+溶洞型岩溶塌陷模式为主。（7）研究区基岩塌陷致塌机理主要为地震诱发或重力致塌;土层塌陷致塌机理主要存在地表水入渗产生渗压效应致塌、地下水位下降引起负压吸蚀、失托增荷等作用以及动荷载作用下土层诱发塌陷。（8）通过对场区危险性分区研究,研究区基本稳定区均在90%左右,极不稳定～局部不稳定区所占比例较少,场地总体稳定性较好。（9）研究区岩溶塌陷采取“早期预测、预防为主,重点治理为辅,防治结合”的防治思路;对不稳定区岩溶塌陷治理措施采用地表封闭防渗、地下加固措施及结构物跨越等方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 Kunming new international airport is located in Guandu area,24km northeast to Kunming.The exploration area is about 18507237.3m².Planning and construction east-west two parallel runways to the current period.The construction scale conforms to B-747 and A-340,airport grade is 4F.Kunming new airport is a large-scale hub-airport,Which is an important project of China that oriented to international large channel in Southeast Asia.This will play an important role in promoting building of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and regional economic cooperation in Great Mekong River Basin.Meanwhile the construction of new airport will provide more convenient air transportation for better development of Yunnan economy.The landform in Kunming new airport,as a whole,mainly is karst,secondly the tectonic denudation hills and alluvial depositional.For the outcrop in field region which mainly is Palaeozoic formation includes Cambrian,Devonian,Permian and Carboniferous.In this area about 80%are carbonate rocks,the lithology mainly are dolomite and limestone.Study area is located in compound position of multi-group Structures.The fold structure mainly are Zhuanshan anticline,Shiquansi and Hunshuitang syncline.And faults structure mainly are Yangtaoqing～Sujiafen fault (F₁₀),Baihanchang～Xichong fault(F₁₂),Hebaodi～Wusazhuangnan fault(F₁₈¹) and Huaqing～Libaichong fault(F₁₈³).Fault structure in field region has not been activity since the Late Pleistocene,so the field region is stable.Joint fissure in Rock Mass is development,Karst middle to strongly developed,Karst development on the surface are mostly karst depression and funnel,underground mainly are stone forests, Karst cave,soil cave and so on.Karst collapses are comparatively developed,on the surface which is divided into bedrock and soil layer collapse,mainly with soil layer collapse. Information obtain by data collecting and study on spot indicate that the complicated karst and collapse development in study area will control the stability of the rock mass of runway,airport building and apron which are the key area in planning airport,also them will influence on other construction area.Because of those, By many investigation and data collection,the paper systematically analyzes engineering geology environmental condition of regional and field region in Kunming new airport,especially,the paper deeply studied the development law of karst and collapse,induction and summarization on the geological generalization mode of soil layer about karst subsidence,deeply studied the karst collapse mechanism and summarized the macro-characteristics of collapse stability in study area,analysis of stability of potential karst cave collaps.Comprehensive various of influencing factors to risk zoning of collapse.Karst collapse countermeasures were studied in order to provide science datum for control engineering,and elicited several achievements:（1）Karst and collapses in study area mainly are development in karst and alluvial depositional landforms,tectonic denudation hills don’t develop.（2）The development of surface and underground karst have stages of development in time and spatial difference.Development of funnel and depression on the surface mainly show irregular ellipse,sub-circular,narrow and long shape.The size and depth of funnel and depression are different,which are moniliform development features.Karst caves that are exposed by drilling and geophysical prospecting interpret in study area mainly with monolayer,minority is double and multilayer.The height of karst caves is most 1～3m,and more packed fully or partly. Analysis and research of karst cave have shown that there is no significantly control elevation,but there is a regular pattern in each engineering geological zones:Ⅰzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2070～2080m,Ⅱzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2050～2070m and 2090～2199.4m,Ⅲzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2070～2090m,Ⅳzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2050～2080m,Ⅴzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2070～2080m and 2090～2137m,Ⅵzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2050～2070m,Ⅶzone which the development elevation of karst cave roof is 2050～2074m.Different elevations corrosion platform formed in the early stage of karst development.Drilling has revealed that networks of karst conduit and filling of sandy gravel connected funnel of corrosion platform and discharge area.Through analyzing the structure and composition of sandy gravel,we can get conclusion that the early stage of karst is quite developed.（3）Karst collapse in study area which can be divided into nature and man-made collapse according to inducing factors.The planar features of collapse have circular, ellipse,long strip,irregular shape and composite shape.The profile features of collapse have jar shape,well shape,funnel and dish shape.（4）Karst development laws in study area are mainly controlled by the induced fracture network,which mainly are along nearly EW,running N55°W and running N15°W;through tectonic line which are mainly along Hunshuitang and Shiquansi syncline,F₁₀,F₁₀²,F₁₈¹fault.AlsO front of Zhang jia po piedmont proluvial fan（as this） investigation)is concentrated area of karst development（5）The great randomness of collapse development at study area is related to overburden thickness,the surface water and groundwater activity.Meanwhile,the development of fault,fold,fracture at project area control and influence karst collapse development.The Occurrence of collapse development is frequent in June,July with rainwater and January,February with snow and rain.（6）There are six geologic generalization modes of research zone about karst subsidence,Mainly is the mode of "red clay or residual red clay+carbonate rock+ Karst cave".（7）The mechanism of bedrock collapse at study area mainly is earthquake and gravitational.The mechanism of soil layer collapse is mainly caused by seepage pressure,by infiltration of surface water,by lowering of groundwater that has the negative pressure absorption and increase of load,by the dynamic loading and so on.（8）After disasters dangers study by zones,basically stable areas of research zones are about 90%,extremely unstable area to local unstable area contain less,the general stability of the field is better.（9）The thinking of karst collapse in study area mainly are "early prediction, prevention first,key harnessing second,prevention and treatment integrated".The treatment measures for karst collapse of unstable region are closed and anti-seepage of surface,ground strengthening and leap of structure.更多还原