《格致汇编》的编者与作者群体

【作者】 王强；

【导师】 姚远；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 科学技术史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 为了廓清在西学东渐和在科学传播的背景下《格致汇编》的编者、作者群体及其科学传播实践价值,调阅了从清1876(清光绪二年)至1892(清光绪十八年)间《格致汇编》共60期的原始文献,运用文献考证、统计对比等方法,对其作了全面的历史考察。研究结果表明:《格致汇编》作为中国第一份综合性科技期刊,已具备现代科技期刊的基本形态和内含,开创了一种新的科技文学体形式——科技期刊文体,结束了我国知识分子只能凭借科技书籍、信件的交流沟通方式。从《格致汇编》创办、编辑过程、编者、作者群体等各方面看,都有中西士的积极参与,它是中西双方共同合作完成的历史结晶,是西学东渐和科学传播的一块活化石,是中国科技期刊由文理综合性期刊向专门科技期刊演化,以及由合作办刊向国人自办科技期刊演化的过渡性标志。该刊虽由西士傅兰雅(JohnFryer,1839-1928)创办和主编,但亦可视为格致书院“院刊”,故在期刊运作、传播方式、合作机制等方面难免受其影响。中国科学家徐寿有一定的主导作用,可看作是刊物的“双主编”之一,在刊物创刊时撰写了首份综合性科技期刊的发刊词,在其中首次勾画了晚清自然科学学科体系,并积极为刊物撰写了较高水平的科学论文。从作者队伍看,可考的作者55人,西士23人,中国学者25人,民间投稿者7人,其中主要投稿者为英西士和中国学者,分别占稿件总数的46.1%和35.4%,而在这些稿件中,中西士共同合作完成的稿件占到42.6%。这些数字说明,在刊物的创办过程中,由于中西士的密切合作,保证了稿源、作者、编者和读者的大致稳定,是《格致汇编》顺利编辑出版和发行的有力保证。在科学传播实践上,其所刊载的大量科技论著或译介、报道、演讲稿,不少是首次见诸期刊,这些科技知识在一定程度上弥补了书籍传播范围小,读者反馈信息少的缺点,首次对西方的最新理论,如微生物理论、进化论、电镀理论等进行了登载报道;对西方的最新科技仪器,如万分之一的精细天平、灵敏度很高的光色分光器、盘管式蒸馏器、电话、显微镜、望远镜等则是首次进行了详细分析介绍。结论认为:《格致汇编》是由中西士合作创办、编辑完成的中国第一份综合性科技期刊,是传播科技知识新的物质载体,开创了中国科技期刊的历史,其合作模式既不同于刻工梁发(1789-1855)与传教士米怜(William Milne,1785—1822)在《察世俗每月统记传》的合作,也不同于学者王韬(1828-1897)与传教士伟烈亚力(Alexander Wylie,1815-1887)在《六合丛谈》的编辑合作,而是在近代中国知识分子群体的觉醒过程中,集体的科技合作行为在科技期刊中的首次体现。这在客观上推动了中国人自办科技期刊的第一次高潮,也培养了近代中国最早的科技期刊编辑、作者和读者群体。其中,以徐寿(1818-1884)《考证律吕说》为代表的中国较早一批期刊科学论文,并通过西士在国外科学期刊发表,其意义重大,这既是汲取西学营养后中国科学家新的探索,也是中国传统科学焕发生机的重要象征。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the case of the spreading of Western Learning to the East and the spreading of science, in order to make the editor of The Chinese Scientific Magazine, the author group and its value in scientific spreading and practice, consulted 60 original documents in total from 1876(the 2^nd year of Emperer Guangxu, Qing Dynasty) to 1892 (the 18^th year of Emperer Guangxu) in The Chinese Scientific Magazine. I have reviewed it in a all-around and historical way by doing texual research, collection and comtrast and so on. The result indicates as the first comprehensive scientific magazine in China, the Chinese Scienticfic Magazine has the grown form and content of modern scientific magazines and that it also created a new style of science—the style of scientific magazine. It ended the history when Chinese intellectuals communicated only by reading sicentific books and writing letters. Both western and Chinese people joined actively in the book’s start, process of edition, editors, author group and so on. It’s a great co-operation of both parts. It’s a living fossil for western learning to east and sicentific spreading. It is a sign that Chinese sientific magazine from the comprehensive of both art and science to the specific one. And it’d also the sign that our Chinese can produce the scientific magazine ourselves. Although it’s opened and edited by the west man—John Fryer, it’s the magazine of Gezhi College indeed. So it’s hard to avoid to be affected by him in the way of function, spreading and co-operation. The Chinese scientist XuShou played a leading role. He can be considered as one of the two editors. When the magazine was started, XuShou published the forword for the first comprehensive magazine. He was the first man to decribe the the subjects system of natural science in later Qing Dynasty. He also wrote some great scientific papers for the magazine. We can find 55 authors, including 23 western intellectuals, 25 Chinese intellectuals and 7 Chinese folk writors. Among them, the western and Chinese intellectuals are major, their papers are 46.1% and 35.4% respectively.42.6% of these papers were co-operated by both western and Chinese intellectuals. These figures indicate that the resource of papers, authors, editors and readers are stable in the process of opening this magazine because of the close cooperation of both western and Chinese intellectuals. It guaranteed the Chinese Scientific Magazine could be edited, printed and published successfully. In the practice of science spreading, a number of masterpieces of science and technoloy, tranlstions, reports, and speech papers were first to read in magazines. To some degree, it made up the disadvantages that the spreading way was limited and readers fed back little. It was the first time to report the most advanced western theories, such as the theory of miroorganism, evolutionism, the theory of electroplate and so on. It’s the first time to introduce the newest western apparatus in detail, such as 0.01% fine balance, high luminous sensitivity spectroscope, pigtail limbeck, telephone, microscope and telescope. It comes to the conclusion that the Chinese Scientific Magazine is the first comprehensive scientific magazine which is published and edited by both the western and Chinese intellectuals. It is the bridge of spreading scientific knowledge. It made a new period of Chinese scientific magazine. The style of co-operation is not only different from the grave LiangFa （1789-1855）and churchman William Milne（1785-1822）’s cooperation in Chinese Monthly Magazine, but also different from the scholar WangTao（1828-1897） and churchman Alexander Wylie（l 815-1887）’s cooperation in Liu He Cong Tan. It is the first time for Chinese intellectuals to wake. It’s the first cooperation of them. It put forward Chinese people to make scientific magazines themselves. It also brought up the earliest scintific magazine editors, authors and readers in modern times of China. Xushou （1818-1884）’s The Texual Research On LvLv was the representaion of early Chinese scientific papers. With the help of some western people , they were published in foreign scientific magazines. It meant a lot. It’s the new exploration of Chinese scientists after learning the western knowledge. And it’s also an important symbol that Chinese tranditional science comes to life.更多还原