中小学德育中的反德育现象及解决对策研究

【作者】 刘刚；

【导师】 李素霞；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 学科教学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 中小学教育中经常出现与德育目标相悖的反德育现象。反德育现象给学校学生带来种种危害,是造成我国目前德育实效性不高的重要原因之一。由于种种因素,经常发生在我们身边的反德育现象和行为并没有引起足够的重视。本文在调查研究和理论论证的基础上力图总结反德育现象的概念和特征,概括各种反德育现象的类型,追寻反德育现象的原因,揭示反德育现象带来的危害,提出防止反德育现象发生的对策。本文共包括四个部分:第一部分,中小学德育中的反德育现象。“反德育”是指德育结果与德育目标出现相反或悖逆现象,即德育出现了“负效应”。反德育现象具有负榜样性、隐蔽性、影响的消极性和影响的深刻性、长久性等特征。中小学德育中的反德育现象有如下类型:集体荣誉光环下的道德评判,即过分采用集体主义的政治原则来评判中小学生的日常行为;预先安排程序式的道德表演,即学校或教师为树立自身形象而要求学生作出的虚假的表演行为;声势浩大夸张型的道德活动,即学校开展的华而不实的形式主义德育活动;严厉苛刻冷漠中的道德规则,即学校为加强管理而制定的缺乏人文关怀的制度和规则;体罚心罚扭曲了的道德心灵,即教师在不正确的德育观下对学生做出的身体和心理伤害;高分高德失衡了的道德天平,即在应试教育指挥棒下教育工作者的重智轻德行为。第二部分,反德育现象的成因。致使中小学反德育现象的发生原因是非常复杂的,不仅有来自于我国传统德育模式所造成的高调教育、德育无人、强行灌输、教师权威等弊端的影响,也有现代德育污染于市场经济功利主义所造成的德育工具化、知识化、简单化和形式化的原因。不仅形式主义德育伤害了真实的德育,而且应试教育模式排挤了“德育第一”的地位。另外,作为德育客体的中小学学生独特的逆反心理、作为德育主体中小学教师头脑中非科学的德育观也是导致反德育现象经常发生的重要因素。第三部分,反德育现象的危害。传统德育过分追求“高、空、同”的德育目标而使德育变成了不可触摸的事物,不利于培养现代的、合格的公民;蔓延开来的形式主义“德育秀”,使德育变成了虚情假意的道德表演,污染了孩子纯洁的、美好的心灵;某些学校制定的道德规则的目的是让学生听话和服从,压抑了本来活泼的、纯真的儿童本性;个别教师实施的体罚和心罚行为给学生身体和心理造成长久的危害,播下了孩子仇视社会和反社会行为的种子。第四部分,防止反德育现象的对策。从根本上消除反德育行为需要德育工作者驱除守旧的、不科学的德育观,树立科学的、现代的德育新理念。具体包括:“圣人”德育转向“平民”德育,即放弃过高过空的道德理想,制定体现层次性的德育目标、尊重人的个体价值、把培养合格的社会主义公民作为现代教育的底线;做秀的德育转向真实的德育,即学校和教师远离虚张声势的德育表演,让德育走上“润物无声”、“情感体验”的真实德育,塑造教师的“高尚师德”;功利德育转向公益德育,即学校淡化功利观念,减少功利行为,站在民族、国家乃至人类发展的未来高度来塑造学生品质,体现德育的长远公益性;体罚德育转向人本德育,即教师破除传统的师道尊严,反对动辄体罚打骂学生,本着“以人为本”的理念,走民主的德育、尊重的德育和关怀的德育之路,创建尊师爱生、人格平等、充满人性关怀的新型师生关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The counter- moral education phenomenon which disobeys the moral education goal in the elementary and middle schools education appear frequently. The counter- moral education phenomenon which brings all sorts of harms to the school students is one of the reason why the actual effect of moral education is not obvious at present. we don’t pay much attention to the counter- moral education phenomenon and the behavior around us because of all sorts of factors. This article altogether includes four parts:The First part, the counter-moral education phenomenon in elementary and middle schools moral education. "The counter- moral education" refers to the phenomenon which the moral education result goes against the moral education goal. That is "the negative effect". There are some characteristics in the counter- moral education phenomenon such as the negative example, the hiding, the negative, profound, long-time influence. There are some kinds of the counter- moral education phenomenon in the elementary and middle schools: the moral performance under the corona of collective honor, namely excessively uses the political principle of collectivism to judge elementary and middle school students’ daily behavior; The pre-arrange procedure -like morals performance, namely the schools or the teachers order their students to make the false performance for setting up their own image; Some exaggerate morals activities, namely the flashy but lacking substance formalism moral education activities which are launched by school; The moral rule that is severe harsh and indifferent, namely the regulations and the rule made by school which is lack of care in order to strengthen the management; The corporal punishment and heart punishes twisted the moral mind, namely the teacher make injury to the student both in body and mind under the wrong moral education view; The unbalanced morals balance, namely education works pay more attention to the score than the morality.The second part: the origin of counter- moral education phenomena.Causes of counter- moral education phenomena in elementary and middle schools are extremely complex, including the influences of the simplified and formalized modern moral education which has been tarnished by market economy as well as the impacts of the high-sounding talk education, immoral education, forcefully inculcating and teachers’authority. Not only has the formalism infringed upon the real moral education, but also the examination-oriented education has pushed aside the“moral education first”principle. Moreover, the unique rebellious attitude of middle school students, the object element of moral education, and the non-scientific perspective of primary and middle school teachers, the subject element of moral education, are also the main factors to cause all these counter-moral education phenomena.The third part: The adverse consequence of the belittling moral education.The conventional approach of moral education set so lofty ,empty and of the same identity objective that it made moral education consecrated, which isn’t conducive to nurture a modern and qualified citizen. The widespread talk-shows make moral education a sham, resulting in corrupting children’innocence and purity. Some schools actually replace moral education with obedience training, suppressing the liveliness and purity nature of children. In some extreme cases, children are either physically punished or mentally tortured ,of which the repercussion is damaging and lasting ,breeding the anti-social and rebellious behaviors.The fourth part: The strategies to the belittling of moral education.The moral teachers should abandon the out-dated and unscientific concept of moral education in order to eradicate the opposition of moral education, and establish a scientific and up-to-date concept of moral education. Instead of a objective meted for saints , we should focus on the objective catered for the commons, relinquishing the“lofty”and empty slogans ,making a step by step goal, respecting personal value, setting the aim of cultivating qualified socialist citizens as the bottom line. We should also turn the talk-show approach to practical approach, getting away from phony talk show. Educators should exert the positive influence gradually, with personal touch and build a moral high ground with public interest on their minds rather than personal accomplishments, with the nation, country, and the human race’benefits on their minds rather than personal achievements in order to shape students character, forming a democratic, caring mutual-respect ,equal and humane relationship between teachers and students, totally abandoning undemocratic treatment and physical punishment of students.更多还原