【作者】 田蕾；

【导师】 刘强；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 动物学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本文采用有机溶剂冷浸法和水煮法从鄂尔多斯半日花（Helianthemumordosicum Y.Z.Zhao,Z.Y.Zhu et R.Cao）中提取各种粗提物,并将它们配制成不同浓度药液,测定其对多种植物病原菌、蔬菜害虫和松材线虫的生物活性,并选取两种最有生物活性的半日花粗提液,初步提取其生物总碱提取液,并测定其杀线虫活性,主要结果如下:1.采用生长速率法测定了半日花有机溶剂（石油醚,丙酮,乙酸乙酯,无水甲醇,二氯甲烷）提取物和水煮膏对9种植物病原真菌的生物活性。结果表明:半日花不同溶剂提取液在100 g·L^-1浓度下对病原菌的抑菌效果有很大差异,而同一种提取液对不同病原菌的效果也有所不同,但总的来说,半日花中含有对供试菌具有较高抑菌活性的次生代谢物质,并且在6种提取液中乙酸乙酯提取液和水煮膏抑菌活性最强。不同浓度乙酸乙酯提取液对4种菌的抑菌效果表明,对棉花黄萎V_43-1的抑菌效果最好,最低抑菌浓度约为5g/L。2.测定了丙酮提取液对菜粉蝶（Pieris rapae L）的产卵忌避、杀卵作用、拒食作用、对幼虫生长发育的影响、胃毒及触杀作用,实验证明10g/L丙酮提取液对菜粉蝶有一定的产卵忌避作用,但随着处理时间的增加,忌避作用有所降低;对菜粉蝶卵的孵化有一定的抑制作用;对菜粉蝶的幼虫没有拒食活性,也不会影响幼虫的生长发育,胃毒和触杀作用也不明显,可以看出,丙酮提取液对菜粉蝶的卵有一定的毒杀活性,对其幼虫没有活性。测定了7种提取液对小菜蛾的产卵忌避、杀卵作用、拒食作用、对幼虫生长发育的影响、胃毒及触杀作用,结果表明,极性最低的石油醚提取液没有杀虫活性,随着提取溶剂极性的增高,杀虫活性也基本上是逐渐增强的,极性较强的水煮膏和乙醇提取液的杀虫活性最强。3.用不同浓度的半日花的水煮膏和有机溶剂提取液药液,对松材线虫进行浸泡法毒杀活性测定。结果表明,在6种提取液中,极性较强的水、甲醇、乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物表现出较强的杀线虫活性,而石油醚及丙酮提取物的杀线活性较弱。说明鄂尔多斯半日花的杀线虫活性成分主要分布于这个极性范围内,而且以极性最强水溶性的活性最强。4.选取两种最有生物活性的半日花粗提液,水煮膏和乙醇提取液,初步提取其生物总碱提取液,并测定其杀线虫活性。实验表明:5天中乙醇生物总碱粗提液对松材线虫的杀线虫活性均很弱,校正死亡率均在30%以下,各天中死亡率和校正死亡率差异均不显著,由此可知,乙醇生物总碱粗提液比乙醇粗提液的杀线虫活性弱;水煮膏生物总碱粗提物1g/L时几乎没有杀线虫活性,6g/L浓度的药液比1g/L的药液杀线虫活性强,从第3天开始线虫的校正死亡率均在70%以上,但仍比水煮膏的杀线虫活性弱。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper some kinds of crude extracts were produced in the way of cold-soaked process and Chinese traditional water-decoctum from Helianthemum ordosicum endemic to China. Different concentrations of these extracts were made to examine their bioactivities on many kinds of vegetable insect pests, plant pathogens and pine wood nematode. We chose the most effective two extracts and tested the bioactivities of their primary total alkaloids against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results are as follows:1. The bioactivities of methanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, acetone extract, methylene dichloride extract, petroleum ether extract and water extract on 9 plant pathogenic fungi were examined by growth rate method in laboratory. Results showed that, different extracts had widely different effect on the fungi tested when the mass-concentration of Helianthemum ordosicum Maxim extracts was 100 g·L^-1 and the antifungal activity of the same extract also varied. But generally, the extracts contain secondary metabolism products of higher antifungal activity. The ethyl acetate extract and water extract had the highest antifungal activity. The results of the antifungal activities of different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract against 4 fungi showed the ethyl acetate extract had the strongest effect on Verticillium dahliae Kleb. V_43-1 and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 5g/L.2. The oviposition deterrence, ovicidal actions, antifeedant effect, stomach poisonous action, effects on the larval growth and development, and contact toxicity of acetone extract against Pieris rapae L were tested. The results showed the acetone extract had a certain oviposition deterrent effect, but the function decreased as time increased. It had certain inhibit function on egg hatching, no antifeedant effect on larva, no effects on the larval growth and development, and no significant stomach poisonous action or contact toxicity when the concentration was 10g/L. Besides it showed ovicidal actions but no activity against larva. The oviposition deterrence, ovicidal actions, antifeedant effect, stomach poisonous action, effects on the larval growth and development, and contact toxicity of acetone extract against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were tested. The results showed the petrol extract had no insecticidal activities. As the increase of the polarity of extract solvent, the insecticidal activities of extract are increased.Ethanol extract and the water soluble components had the highest bioactivity.3. Different concentration of extracts of Helianthemum ordosicum were selected for bioassay of action on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus by the method of immersion. The extracts of higher polarity solutions （water, methanol, ethanol, methylene dichloride） showed higher nematicidal activities, but the activities of the petroleum ether extract and acetone extract were weaker. The results indicated that the active component was mostly distributed in this specific range of polarity and the water soluble components had the highest bioactivity.4. The primary total alkaloids of the most bioactive extracts—water and ethanol extracts, were extracted for bioassay of nematicidal action on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed, the alkaloids from ethanol extract had very weak nematicidal action during 5 days, its corrected mortality was below 30% and the mortality had no significant difference from corrected mortality. That showed that the nematicidal action of total alkaloids was weaker than that of ethanol extract; The nematicidal activity of total alkaloids from water extract was higher at 6g/L than at 1g/L. Nearly no activity was shown when the concentration was 1g/L. From the 3rd day, the corrected mortalities were all below 70% which was weaker than water extract.更多还原