【作者】 徐强；

【导师】 李本乾；

【作者基本信息】 上海交通大学 ， 公共管理， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 公共危机的产生有其社会基础、经济基础、行政基础和信息基础,是一种必然出现的客观存在。在全球化的时代,在信息技术日新月异和新闻传播业空前繁荣的今天,面对公共危机,任何一级政府都已经无法全程垄断危机信息,政府主动通过大众传媒,适时而正确地发布危机信息,有助于动员社会力量共同面对危机,消弭危机的影响。因此,政府如何运用所掌握的信息,通过新闻发布正确引导公众舆论,从而为处理危机提供良好的舆论氛围,并借此提升自己的执政能力,已经成为各级各地政府必须面对的课题。长期以来,我国政府部门和新闻传媒对公共危机的认识相当有限,在现行体制下,政府发布危机新闻也面临着不少困难,因为危机发展难以把握,容易触动现行利益体系,触及领导政声政绩,还会影响地方公共形象,更为重要的是,我国尚未从法理的层面明确公民的知情权,因此,当各级政府的信息公开条例面对内部宣传纪律时,新闻发布往往束手束脚。但是,在危机当中,只有及时发布危机和处理信息的政府才是负责任的政府,才是有能力掌控危机的政府,才是值得公众信赖的政府。近年来,通过应对SARS、禽流感、松花江水污染事故等重大公共危机和一系列局部性危机,我国政府的危机新闻发布机制被激活并逐步得到发展,但是报喜不报忧、反应迟缓、陷入被动等诸多问题仍然没有得到解决。本文通过政务公开、政治沟通、新闻传播、公共关系、公众心理和社会发展等多学科视野的考察,从新闻发布主体、新闻发布载体、新闻发布理念等方面,就公共危机中的政府新闻发布机制进行了较为全面深入的探讨,提出,在突发公共危机的时候,政府应通过新闻发布实现政治沟通、塑造政府形象、唤起公众社会责任感,融合社会各阶层,共同构建和谐社会。本文着重在四个方面进行了探讨,一是提出了新闻发布者的新闻理念、危机意识、沟通辞令和信度形象,认为政府和传媒之间应建立起畅通的沟通管道和互信机制;二是对新闻办公室、领导人、新闻发言人在危机新闻发布中的地位和作用进行了辨析,提出了建设新闻发布机制的制度化、规范化和应急化原则;三是探讨了政府信息管控和公众知情权的博弈,提出了实现新闻博弈平衡的途径:议程设置、“沉默的螺旋”、流量控制、知情权保护;四是从新闻发布的实践出发,探讨了新闻发布机制在我国政府架构中发展的可行性和前景,提出通过新闻发布倡导社会道德规范、构建心理支持体系、融合不同社会阶层、促进持续科学发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Being a necessary outwardness, the occurrence of public crisis has its social, economic, administrative and information basis. In an era of globalization when information technologies are changing with each passing day and the news communication industry is witnessing unprecedented prosperity, government of none level can manage the monopolization of crisis information when public crisis actually occurs. On the contrary, if the government takes initiative to timely release correct crisis information through the mass media, it can be quite helpful to mobilize social forces to stand against public crisis and proceed to put an end to incurred influences. Thus it has become a necessary subject for governments of each level to master the skills on how to make use of learnt information and correctly guide public opinions through news release in order to create an opinion atmosphere in favor of the elimination of crisis, and at the same time improve their administration abilities.Governmental sectors and news media in China have a quite limited understanding of public crisis for a long period of time, and governmental release of crisis news under present systems is faced with many difficulties: it is very hard to predict the development of crisis, and the release of crisis news may easily affect current interest system, causing negative impact on political fames and achievements of leaders as well as the image of local areas; what’s more, citizens’right to know is not yet specified in laws in China, and the release of crisis news always gets bound when information opening regulations of each-level’s government run into internal propaganda disciplines. But in occurrence of crisis, we credit it a competent and a trustworthy government only if it manages to timely release news on as well disposition information of crisis. China’s mechanism for release of crisis news has already been activated and developed through the handling of some significant public crisis, such as SARS, bird’s flu, and contamination of Songhua River etc, as well as a series of local crisis in recent years; still, there are many problems unsolved, for example, the practice of reporting the good news but not the bad, slow reaction and the state of passivity etc. After multi-subject investigations involving the openness of government affairs, political communications, news communication, public relations, public psychology and social development etc, this paper is going to offer an in-depth discussion on the news release mechanism of the government in public crisis through the subject, platform and concept etc of news release, and will proceed to propose that when encountering unexpected public crisis, the government should make use of news release to realize political communications, build the image of governments, arouse the public’s sense of social responsibility, integrate all social classes to build a harmonious society.This paper offers innovative ideas during discussion of the following four aspects: 1. Proposal of news concept, crisis awareness, appropriate communication skills and reliability image of news promulgators, in an opinion that a smooth communication channel and mutual-trust mechanism should be established between the government and the media; 2. Discrimination and analysis of the positions and functions of press office, leaders and press spokesman in release of crisis news, and the proposal of the institutionalization, normalization and emergency reaction principles for the news release mechanism; 3. Discussion on the gaming between governmental information control and the public’s right to know, followed by the proposed means to realize balanced news gaming: agenda setting,“spiral of silence”, flow control, protection of right to know; 4. Based on practices of news release, this paper offers a discussion on the feasibility and prospects of the development of news release mechanism in China’s government structures, and proceeds to propose that through news release, we can advocate social moral codes, construct psychological support system, integrate different social classes and promote sustained and scientific development.更多还原