【作者】 张士萍；

【导师】 王磊；

【作者基本信息】 同济大学 ， 环境工程， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 为了解不同类型滩涂湿地土壤生态效应，以及农业利用模式对围垦滩涂土壤肥力和生物活性的影响，在崇明东滩选取堤内为不同农业利用模式、堤外为不同类型湿地的三个样区(A区、B区和C区)。测定湿地土壤中微生物量、土壤酶活性、有机质含量以及土壤中有机污染物分布与浓度。通过上述实验数据的分析阐明不同类型湿地土壤的污染物净化与碳汇潜能，并初步判断不同农业利用模式对围垦盐碱土壤肥力与生物活性的改良效应。研究结果对于优化湿地管理，提高湿地的环境生态效应具有重要意义，同时对不同类型人工湿地的设计和优化具有理论指导意义。研究分析发现堤外沙质型芦苇湿地土壤(A区)有机质含量最低，但微生物量和过氧化氢酶、转化酶等与碳代谢有关的酶活性最高；这表明沙质型芦苇湿地土壤有利于微生物的呼吸、代谢与繁殖，具有较高的有机污染物净化能力；粘土型芦苇／米草混合湿地土壤(B区和C区)的有机质含量和氮、磷转化有关的酶活性较高，然而湿地土壤微生物量和碳代谢有关酶活性较低。这表明粘土型芦苇／米草混合湿地土壤通过微生物呼吸作用降解有机物的能力较弱，因此具有较高的碳积累能力。由于崇明东滩湿地处于滨海区域，可能受到航道运输导致的石油污染。研究发现三个样地土壤中都含有一定的石油类物质。其中C区湿地土壤石油类物质含量较高，对C区土壤石油污染进行了初步的微生物修复实验，经过28天修复后土壤中石油类污染降低了34％，但修复前后土壤的生物活性无显著差异，这说明该区石油类污染对湿地土壤生物活性尚未造成显著影响。目前，崇明堤内围垦土地的利用模式为：A区是水稻种植；B区是框围养鱼；C区是果蔬种植。实验表明堤内围垦土壤中，种植果蔬的C区土壤有机质、微生物总量和土壤酶活性(除过氧化氢酶以外)均为最高，种植水稻的A区次之，而框围养鱼的B区最低。因此，可以初步推测，通过框围养鱼、水稻耕种以及果蔬种植等程序式农业利用模式，堤内围垦湿地的湿地土壤肥力和生物活性可以得到逐步提高，同时在上述各农业利用阶段可分别获得经济效益。这种围垦盐碱土壤的程序式农业利用模式既能尽快产生经济效益，又可有效改良土壤性质，提高土壤肥力和土壤生物活性。本课题主要通过分析不同类型湿地土壤和不同农业利用模式的围垦土壤的有机质、微生物总量、有机污染物浓度以及各种酶活性的差异性，确定不同类型湿地土壤的生态功能和污染物净化能力，以及目前的程序式农业利用模式对围垦滩涂土壤肥力和生物活性的改良效果。研究结果将为现有天然滩涂湿地的保护与优化以及围垦滩涂的修复和合理利用提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 To attain the ecological effect, the influence of the agricultural mode to the fertility and bio-activity in inning lands, three types of wetlands in Chongming (Area A, B, and C) are chosen as the research target. Purification ability and carbon accumulaition ability are analyzed by measuring the microbial biomass, enzyme activity, organic matter of the wetlands soil. And it is possible to estimate the fertility and bio-activity of the inning lands soil by different utilization mode. The result could be contributed to optimize the management of the wetlands and improve the ecological effect of the soil. Also the result could provide the theory basis for the design of different type of constructed wetlands.The result shows that the concentration of organic matter in area A is the lowest, but the microbial biomass and enzyme activity which is related to carbon metabolism is the highest in the wetlands of the outer levee. It shows that the sandy soil of bulrush wetland is favorable for the breath, metabolism and propagation of microbe. And the purification ability to organic pollution of area A is stronger than area B and C. However, the concentration of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in area B and C is higher than area A, but the microbial biomass is lower than other areas. Therefore, the viscous soil of brush/spartina alterniflora wetlands is suitable for the transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus.As the the wetlands in Chongming Dongtan close to the ocean, it may be polluted by the oil contaminants. The experimental results show that the soil of three wetlands has been polluted by the oil pollutants. The oil concentration of area C is the highest. The efficiency of degradation could be 34% by bio-renovation of high efficient bacteria after 28 days. However, the bio-activity of the wetlands is not influenced by the oil pollutants seriously.The mode of the inning lands in Chongming is: area A is used to plant paddy; area B is used to breed fish; area C is used to plant vegetable. In the inning lands of the inner levee, the organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activity (except catalase) area C is the highest, area A is the second and area B is the lowest. It shows that the fertility and bioactivity of the inning land could be improved by breeding fish, planting paddy and planting vegetable orderly. The mode of ordinal utilization of the inning lands could produce much more economic benefit. Furthermore, the mode could improve the property of the soil and enhance the fertility and bioactivity of the soil.In this paper, the organic matter, microbial biomass, organic pollutions and enzyme activity of different types of wetlands in the outer-levee are analyzed to find the ecological effect and purification ability of different wetlands. And the indexes above are also analyzed to confirm the fertility and bioactivity of the inning lands in the inner-levee. And the research results would provide theory basis for the protection and optimization of the natural wetlands, the renovation and reasonable utilization of the inning lands.更多还原