【作者】 吴裕；

【导师】 段安安；

【作者基本信息】 西南林学院 ， 林木遗传育种， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 元宝枫(Acer truncatum)是槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属(Acer)植物,为我国特有,自然分布于我国秦岭以北大部分地区。元宝枫叶富含类黄酮和绿原酸,是人类优良的保健用品原料;果皮富含缩合类单宁,是优良的医药、制革、印染工业原料;种子富含元宝枫油,是优良食用油和医疗保健用油;而且元宝枫在中国作为绿化观赏植物也有悠久的历史。由于元宝枫具综合性开发利用价值,因而受到广泛研究和引种栽培。为了培育适应云南地区的元宝枫优良品种,对已引种的元宝枫人工林系统调查、进行变异分析和优树选择是一项十分重要的基础工作。本文以引种到云南昆明地区栽培的元宝枫为材料,对元宝枫的抽梢年生长规律、苗木株间变异、大树营养生长性状变异、大树开花结实规律、果实形态株间变异、各性状间的相关性、变异类型划分等几方面历时两年多调查和分析。结果表明:(1)在昆明地区,元宝枫当年实生苗和移栽苗都有一个明显的“墩苗”期和速生期,两者的年生长规律基本一致,生长高峰期发生在6 ~ 7月份;留床苗和大树2月下旬开始发芽,4月份是高生长高峰期,以后生长量逐渐减少,总生长量要比原产地的小得多。二年生以上元宝枫抽梢就有长枝和短枝的分化,短枝到4 ~ 5月份停止高生长,长枝则一直生长到8 ~ 9月份;长枝、短枝、移栽苗和当年播种苗的粗生长都呈双峰曲线,而且基本保持同步。达到结实年龄的植株,不论长枝还是短枝都要进行花芽分化,在次年春天都会开花结实。(2)元宝枫实生起源的苗木群体存在着极丰富的变异。对1年生和2年生留床苗木各3个群体调查,株高变异系数是47.84% ~ 70.89%;地径的变异系数是42.51% ~ 57.50%;叶片数的变异系数是60.70% ~ 68.14%,随着年龄的增加,苗木的分化越来越明显。(3)实生起源的元宝枫大树,其地径、株高、冠幅、抽枝数和叶片数等5个营养生长性状的株间变异特别大,变异系数是17.92% ~ 65.05%;变幅也特别大,最大值是最小值的3.40 ~ 60.82倍。叶片数与抽枝数的相关系数是0.948,是相关性最密切的两组变量;其次是株高与地径的相关系数是0.833;各营养生长性状之间都存在极显著的正相关。(4)元宝枫在云南地区栽培,花期主要集中在3月份,每株开花时间历时1个月左右,但是开花不整齐,株间变异大;开花数量和结实数量的株间变异特别大;从4月初座果到9月份果实开始成熟,一直都在落果,落果率约50%;树冠东南西北4个方位的开花结实数基本无差异;上层树冠开花结实数是下层树冠开花结实数的3倍左右;结实数与开花数呈显著正相关,相关系数0.643;结实数与地径、株高、冠幅呈弱正相关,与抽枝数和叶片数基本不相关;大树表现出偏营养生长或偏生殖生长的分化趋势。(5)元宝枫果实株间变异非常大,其果长、带翅果长、果宽、果厚、着生痕长、种子厚、空壳比率、果实千粒重和种子千粒重共9项指标变异系数是7.83% ~ 51.73%;变幅也很大,最大值是最小值的1.37 ~ 12.40倍。空壳比率的变异系数最大(51.76%),变幅也最大(2.50% ~ 31.00%),最大值是最小值的12.40倍;果实千粒重与空壳比率呈弱负相关,与其它各性状都呈显著正相关或极显著正相关。果实千粒重与种子千粒重的相关系数最大(0.946),与着生痕长的相关系数最小(0.348),但也是显著正相关。种子千粒重与果实千粒重、果厚、种子厚呈极显著正相关,与果宽呈显著正相关,与其它性状呈弱正相关。(6)根据生长状况,元宝枫可分为营养生长型和生殖生长型两大相对变异类型。根据果实形态特征,将生殖生长型再划分为宽翅型、小翅型和大翅型3个变异类型。选育叶用品种应从营养生长型中选择繁殖材料,选择的主要指标是抽枝数和叶片数,同时应将冠幅、株高和地径加以考虑;选育果用品种应从大翅型中选择繁殖材料,主要指标是结实数和果实厚度,同时应考虑冠幅、株高和地径。(7)经加权求和进行评选,初步选择出营养生长性状优良的单株是第7号、75号、38号、80号和103号,作选育叶用品种的材料;经过各变异类型评价、果实产量及性状的评选,初步选出生殖生长优良单株是第101号、100号、136号、146号和147号,作选育果用品种的材料。更多还原

【Abstract】 Acer truncatum belongs to genus Acer of Aceraceae family. It is one endemic species in China with widely distributing to north temperate area, especially in the valley of Yellow River. A. truncatum is a tree species of multiple uses with beautiful crown shape and coloured leaves in autumn and winter. There are high content of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the leaves, vegetable tannin in the pericarps, and edible and officinal oil in the seeds of A. truncatum. Therefore, A. trunctum was widely studied and introduced into other places as a commercial tree.In 1998, A. truncatum was introduced into Yunnan plateau and established a large scale plantation. In order to selecting and breeding varieties to adapt Yunnan plateau, it is very important that understand population variation in established A. truncatum plantations. From 2004 to 2006, the special aspects were investigated and studied on growth pattern of branches, population variation of seedlings, vegetative variation of adult trees, the pattern of blossoming and fructification, relativities among above mentioned traits among established A. truncatum plantations in Kunming area. Based on ivestigation and analyis of foregoing aspects, morphological variation of fruits and variance type was compartmentalized. The study results were showed as followings:1) In Kunming area, A. truncatum grows very slow before May, then its reaches growth peak (including height growth and diameter growth) in June and July For one-year-old seedlings left in the nursery and transplanted to fields. The shoots of A. truncatum trees occur in later February, then fast growth phase of the trees appears in April. For diameter growth, there were two growth peaks in March and June, and for height growth, only one growth peak was examined in April. Branch differentiation was obvious. There are two types of branches distinguished long-branch and short-branch. Short-branch ceases height growth in May. However, its diameter grew synchronously with that of long-branch. For adult trees, all branches (including short- and long-branch) blossom in next spring.2) The growth performance of different aged seedlings showed significant variation. The variation coefficient of seedling height, basal diameter and number of leaves were 47.84%~70.89%, 42.51%~57.50% and 60.70%~68.14% respectively.3) For the population of adult trees, all vegetative traits, including basal diameter, height, crown width, and the number of branch and leaves, showed significant variation. The variation coefficients were from 17.92-65.05%. In addition, there were significant positive correlations among all vegetative traits. Of which the correlative coefficient between the numbers of branches and leaves was 0.948, and 0.833 for the height and basal diameter. 4) In Kunming area, although the initial blossom of some trees occurred first blossomed in later February, which of most trees was observed in March. About 50% fruit were aborted before the time of ripeness in October. The flowers and fruit were distributed in approximately equal proportion in four orientations of a crown, but of which more than 70% were distributed on the upper level branches and less than 30% on the lower branches. There was significant positive correlation between the numbers of flowers and fruit with 0.643 of correlation coefficient, while there was no correlation between the number of fruit and branches, also the some as leaves. In the adult tree population, some trees developed into vegetative type and others developed into reproductive type.5) There were extreme variations among the traits of fruit from different trees. For 9 index of fruit, the variation coefficients from 7.83- 51.73%. There were obvious positive correlation between weight and other traits of fruit, of which the correlative coefficients between weights of fruits and seeds was up to 0.943. There were obviously positive correlations between weight of seeds and weight of fruit, thickness of fruit and seeds or width of fruit.6) According to the growth characteristics, the variance types of A. truncatum were classified into vegetative type and reproductive types. The reproductive types were classified into wide wing type, small wing type and big wing type based on fruitage shape. The plus-trees of leaf oriented one were selected from vegetative type mainly based on the number of branches and leaves, while the plus-tree of fruitage oriented one were selected from reproductive types mainly according to the number of fruitage and the thickness of fruitage.7) The leaf oriented plus-trees were selected, which were individual tree of No. 7, 75, 38, 80 and 103 based on the data of comparison and analysis. And the individual tree of No. 101, 100, 136, 146 and 147 were selected as fruit plus-tree.更多还原