【作者】 张新龙；

【导师】 梁四宝；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 经济史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 交通是人类进行地区间物资文化交往所不可或缺的媒介手段，交通如同经济和社会发展的动脉，具有重要的沟通和纽带作用，经济的发展、市镇的兴盛都与发达的水陆交通条件密不可分。由于运输和商品交易的需要，在各个水陆商道沿线兴起了许多新型商业市镇，这些商业市镇大多成为当地的商业贸易中心，有的则成了省内外闻名的政治、经济和文化都市。在中国历史上，华北地区长期扮演着政治、经济、文化中心的角色。同时，其宽广深厚的历史底蕴和天下之中的地理位置，对中国古代政治、经济和社会发展有着积极而又深远的影响。明清时期，华北地区水陆商道畅通，官道驿站纵横，形成了四通八达的水陆交通网，便利了各地商品的流通，给华北乃至全国商品流通市场注入了强大的活力，使得商品经济有了长足的发展。从目前的国内外研究状况来看，有关道路交通和商业市镇的研究不少，但是对于明清时期华北地区商品流通的运道及其对当时商业市镇兴衰、社会经济发展的影响却很少有人涉及。本文将在总结前人研究成果的基础上，以区域经济学理论为主，综合运用人口地理、经济地理、城市地理、历史学等多种理论，采用历史考察、比较分析、社会分析等多种研究方法，通过对明清时期华北地区商业交通网络的再现来阐述它对华北地区商品流通、专业化生产区域以及商业市镇兴衰的影响。明清两代，相对稳定的社会政治环境为商品经济的较快发展提供了政治保障。在商品经济发展的推动下，国内出现了一批从事长途贩运贸易的商帮集团。他们的出现不仅便利了国内外商品的流通，同时对商品运输条件也提出了更高的要求。为了适应商品的流通需要，华北地区逐渐形成了以官路为主、民间筑路为辅的商业交通网络。交通网络的形成又反过来促进了物质的南北交流和内外流通，并最终导致了专业化商品生产基地的形成。与此同时，由于在各交通要道上经常有客商和行旅通过，为了方便其食宿，交通沿线遂开设了许多饭店、旅馆，在条件较好的地方还设有交易场所，在为往来商贾买卖提供了便利的同时，也为当地和周边地区民众交换产品创造了条件。久而久之，便形成了商业功能齐备的商业性市镇。近代以来，由于西方经济的不断渗透和新式交通工具的引入，旧中国的社会经济发生了巨大的变化。铁路的修筑、新式轮船航运业的发展，都刺激了传统商业交通网络的解体和重构。但是，传统交通路线和运输工具，如帆船、畜力和驮运等并没有完全被摈弃，而是通过整合成为近代化交通的补充，建立了由铁路、公路、外海内河航运等多种方式多条渠道交织的近代交通运输网络。近代交通体系的建立影响了原有商业市镇的发展，一批旧有商业市镇随着交通路线的改变而趋于衰落，但同时在新兴交通要道上兴起了一批具有现代化气息的商业重镇。华北地区近代交通体系和运输网络的形成，不仅促进了商品流通和农村农产品的商品化，直接推动了城市经济的发展和近代交通枢纽城市的出现，更重要的是在一定程度上对区域经济布局的重构产生了重要的催化作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Traffic, like artery of economic and social development, is an indispensable means of material and cultural exchanges among different regions, playing communication roles. Development of economy and flourishing of town are correlated with land and water traffic. Due to the need of transportation and goods trade, many new commercial towns emerged along land and water traffic, which once became the commerce and trade center, even cities of politics, economy and culture. In the history of China, North China played the political, economic and cultural center for a long time. In the meantime, its broad solid historical foundation and convenient location have a positive and profound impact on ancient Chinese politics, economy and social development. During Ming and Qing dynasty, North China formed land and water transport network and facilitated goods trade, which injected powerful vitality for North China and even the whole country and made great strides in the aspect of commodity economy.Judging from the current research situation at home and abroad, there are a lot of research on road traffic and commercial towns, however, very fewer people research commodity transportation in North China during Ming and Qing dynasty and its impact on the rise and fall of commercial towns and development of economy. The paper summarizes previous studies by means of historic research, comparative analysis, social analysis and other research methods, analyzes traffic network reappearance in North China during Ming and Qing dynasty and its influence on goods trade, specialization production areas and rise and fall of commercial towns, based on regional economic theory, integrated various theory including population geography, economic geography, urban geography, history and so on.During Ming and Qing dynasty, relatively stable social and political environment provides political guarantee for rapid development of commodity economy. A group dealing with long distance trade emerged for the development of commodity economy, which facilitated goods trade at home and abroad, and set higher requirements for transportation. Gradually, the area formed commercial transportation network with combination of Guanlu and track. The form of transportation network promotes the North-South exchanges and outside flow and eventually leads to the formation of specialization production base. Because of many businessman emergences along traffics, many restaurants and hotels were set up to facilitate their accommodations. In some better places, exchange places were established, which created conditions for goods trade between local people and around areas. Finally, commercial town with complete functions emerged.Because of the penetration of western economy and the introduction of new transportation means, economy during the Old China had changed greatly. Building of railway and development of shipping industry stimulated disintegration and reconstruction of traditional transportation network. However, traditional transportation routes and methods such as sailing, animal and packing were not completely abandoned, but built modern transportation network including railway, highway, shipping through integration. The establishment of modern transportation network affects the development of old commercial towns that tend to decline. Meanwhile, some new commercial towns with modern ambience emerge along the new traffic. The form of modern transportation network promotes not only commodity circulation and rural agricultural commercialization, but also the development of urban economy and the emergence of modern transportation hub cities, and plays a catalytic role in remodeling of regional economic layout to some degree.更多还原