【作者】 钟伟；

【导师】 管俊芳；

【作者基本信息】 武汉理工大学 ， 矿物加工工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 论文首先提出了应对欧盟《限制有害物质在电子电气设备产品中的使用》指令（Restriction of Hazardous Substance in Electronic and Electrical Equipments,RoHS）的检测方案;接着对一些典型的电子产品样品做了4种仪器分析方法的测试应用,最后对两款手机中金属的环境性能采用潜在毒性因子（Toxicity PotentialIndicator,TPI）指标进行了评估。应对RoHS指令的检测方案定为;将安全极限值放宽30—50%,采用能谱X射线荧光谱方法对样品进行初步扫描筛选;如果筛选结果落入无定论值域,则在微波消解辅助制样后进行精密仪器分析。对于Cd、Pb和Hg的测试,用混合强酸溶解和耦合感应等离子体光发射谱分析;对于Cr⁶⁺的测试,用混合碱液溶解和双光束分光光度计分析;对于多溴联苯（PBB）和多溴二苯醚（PBDE）的测试,用有机溶剂溶解和气相色谱—质谱联用分析。测试应用发现;Cd、Pb、Hg和Cr⁶⁺的重复性小于5%,PBB和PBDE的重复性小于1%,表明结果稳定、测试精密度高。Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr⁶⁺和单溴联苯（Mono-BB）至十溴联苯（Deca-BB）共14种物质的回收率在90—110%之间,表明制样污染和损失小,测试准确度高;它们的检测限和定量限处于ng/g和μg/g级别,表明结果可靠,测试灵敏度高。对于Cr⁶⁺的光度计分析,优化的实验参数为;萃取时间为60 min、pH值为2.0,以及采用1 mL 0.5 M K₂HPO₄和0.5 M KH₂PO₄的混合缓冲液。环境性能评估发现;手机中共含20多种金属元素,占总比重的35—40wt%。有12种对环境的潜在毒性较大（＞TPI/12 mg）,其中Pb的为20.8 TPI/mg。两款手机中金属的总体TPI显示,在最坏的情况下,它们对环境的潜在危害分别等同于无控制地向环境中释放6.14 g和12.28 g的Pb所导致的危害。两款手机的平均毒性为4.1TPI/mg和4.5TPI/mg。单位重量的手机物质对环境的潜在毒性大小类似,对环境总体影响的差异则主要因重量的不同,而非所用有害物质种类的减少。更多还原

【Abstract】 Firstly, this study discusses a test solution to comply with the EU Directive "Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electronic and Electrical Equipments" （RoHS）. Secondly, it presents some applications of four analytical techniques to detect hazardous substances in electronics. Thirdly, it gives a quantitative environmental assessment of metallic elements in mobile phones using the toxicity potential indicator （TPI）.For RoHS compliance, the test solution is established to be an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence （EDXRF） screening followed by sophisticated instrumental analyses. If the screening data are in the scope of legal limit with a 30-50% margin of safety, further precise analyses are recommended. With the help of microwave digestion using strong acid, alkali, or organic solutions, the Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry （ICP-OES） is suitable for the determination of Cd, Pb and Hg, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS） for polybrominated biphenyls （PBB） and polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDE）, and the Double Beam Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry （DBU/VS） for Cr⁶⁺.With these analytical techniques, the relative standard deviation （RSD） of test data is less than 5% for Cd, Pb, Hg and Cr⁶⁺, and the RSD for PBB and PBDE is less than 1%, which suggests a high precision with good stability. The recovery rate of Cd, Pb, Hg , Cr⁶⁺, and ten BBs （from Mono-BB to Deca-BB） lies in 90-110%, which indicates a high accuracy with minimized contamination and gross loss during the sample preparation. The limit of detection and limit of quantification are found to be at the order of ng/g andμg/g, respectively, which means a high sensitivity with reliable performance. In addition, optimal processing parameters for detecting Cr⁶⁺ using the DBU/VS are obtained.There are more than 20 metallic elements in mobile phones, which make up 35-40% of the total mass. The TPI of Pb is calculated to be 20.8 mg^-1. It is confirmed that 12 highly hazardous elements （>12TPI/mg） present in the mobile phones, which make them a potential threat to the environment if substantial numbers of phones are improperly treated at the end of their lives. The average TPI for two mobile phones in this study is 4.1 mg^-1 and 4.5 mg^-1, respectively. As referred to Pb, the total impact of metals from them is equal to the effect of releasing 6.14 g and 12.28 g Pb, respectively, into the environment under a worst-case scenario. The relatively new model of mobile phones is more eco-effective than the old one, which is not due to a reduction in the type of hazardous metal, but rather to a significant miniaturization of the package with less mass.更多还原